28 



John Ray (1691). Design in Nature. 



LiNN/EUS. Each species descended from a single 

 pair. 



CuviER. The immutability of species and the doctrine 

 of catastrophes. 



Agassiz {1857). Each species created with full num- 

 bers and in position where discovered. His ideal- 

 istic view of species. ^ 



The Duke of Argyle (1866). Creation by law is 

 nothing but the reign of an intelligent and pur- 

 poseful Creative Force. Criticisms of Darwin (See 

 below). 



ii. TJie Unity of Nature as shown by Geology. 



(Lyell, Principles of Geology, 1830, ist. Amer. Ed. 1S37 ; Cu- 

 viER, Discours sur les Revolutions de la Surface du Globe, 

 1825, see also trans., entitled Theory of the Earth.) 



The shortness of the earth's history as calculated 

 from the Jewish scriptures. 



Date of creation 4004 b. c, according to Archbishop 

 Usher. 



Early geologists, — catastrophes, changes in the laws 

 of Nature. 



HuTTON (1788). No changes in natural laws, catas- 

 trophes a part of the permanent order of Nature, 



Sir Charles Lyell (1830). The doctrine of catas- 

 trophes without scientific basis. 



All geological changes may be explained by 

 forces now at work. 



The establishment of an orderly course in the devel- 

 oi)ment of the earth's surface makes possible a 

 theory of evolution of organic forms. 



iii. The Meanings of the luord " Evolution. 



