42 



Apparent objections : — 



The selecting agent differs in natural and 

 artificial selection. 



Varieties produced by artificial selection 

 differ from true species in not being 

 mutually infertile. 



b. Applications of the theory : — 



(i) Adaptations of flowers for fertilization by 

 insects. 



(2) Structures and movements of climbing 



plants. 



(3) Protective coloring in animals. 



(4) Warning colors. 



(5) Mimicry. 



All of these facts can only be explained by 

 the theory of natural selection. 



c. Criticisms of the theory. 



(i) Owen: Figurative language explains nothing. 



(2) Duke of Argyll : Natural selection can 



produce nothing, 



(3) If some, why not all species improved by nat- 



ural selection } 



(4) Why have not superior forms exterminated 



inferior ones inhabiting the same locality } 



All the above objections arise from a 

 misunderstanding of the theory. 



(5) Similar organs or structures are met with in 



widely different groups. 



This is true as to analogy, but never as 

 to homology. 



(6) Beginnings of organs are useless and can- 



not be selected. 



