222 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Sub-family Hemileucince. 



Whereas the Attaclnce spin thick cocoons above the surface, and have 

 subfalcate primaries, in this group, so far as I have studied them, the 

 fore wings are blunt or rounded, and the cocoon is made at the surface of 

 the ground mixed with debris. The caterpillars in their last stage are 

 bristled, and resemble those of Platysamia in their earlier stage. 

 This group, represented by the typical genus Hemileuca, prepares us for 

 the following Ceratocampince, in the gradual modification of its characters. 

 In its closely allied species and tendency to local modification it recalls 

 such lower genera as Clisiocampa. Perhaps the genus Quadrina belongs 

 here ; of this I have had only a single specimen to examine. When both 

 sexes are known and nearer comparisons are made it may be that we 

 have to do with a distinct sub-family type. Mr. Smith, after seeing the 

 type, referred it to the Cossince. I do not believe this, or that we have to 

 do with an internal feeder. Later, he appears to have reverted to my 

 original idea that the genus was related to Gloveria, referred by Dr. 

 Packard to the Lac/meince, perhaps from its resemblance to the Euro- 

 pean Otus. The eggs of Hemileuca are laid like those of the Lachnemce, 

 in ring-form, and the abdomen is likewise tufted at the extremity. 



Sub-family Ceratocampince. 



In this group, defined by Harris, a cocoon is rarely made and the 

 transformation is subterranean. The female antennae are sub-simple or 

 simple, and the male antennae are not pectinate at the tip. The abdomen 

 is longer, the squamation smoother, and, while the main Attacid charac- 

 ters are still retained, there is an evident departure in a fresh direction. 

 The ocellate marks on the secondaries are here and there apparent, but 

 the ornamentation has become simpler, and the lowest form, Dryocampa 

 rubicunda, has a resemblance in all stages to the ensuing Lachneince. The 

 caterpillars are often bizarre in appearance from the spines and horns 

 with which they are ornamented, especially in the genus Citheronia, 

 where they probably serve as a defence by frightening their different 

 enemies. There seem to be two groups of larval types, the extremes of 

 which are displayed by Eacles and Citheronia ; the larvae of the Eacles 

 type, approaching the preceding Attacid type, those of the Citheronia 

 type approaching gradually the Lachneince. The distribution of this sub- 



