Grafts et al. — 2 — Water in Plants 



physics and plant physiology to problems of water utilization by plants have been made 

 by Briggs and Shantz (1912) and Maximov (1929o) ; and more recently by Veth- 

 MEYER and Hendrickson and their associates (see papers from 1927 to 1946). The 

 relations of soil salinity to plant growth have been investigated at the U.S.D.A. Salinity 

 Laboratory. This and other works on soil salinity have been reviewed by Magistad 

 (1945). 



Thermodynamic treatments of plant and soil water relations are given by Edlefsen 

 and Anderson (1943) and Broyer (1946), and also by Stern (1933). 



Specialized aspects of water relations involve the binding of water by cellular con- 

 stituents including cellulose, proteins, and the living protoplasm. Hydration of cellu- 

 lose is treated by Stamm (1936), Heuser (1944), and Wise (1944). Protein hydra- 

 tion is discussed by Gortner (1938), Schmidt (1938), and Sponsler, Bath, and 

 Ellis (1940). Sponsler (1940) and Frey-Wyssling (1938) have studied hydration 

 phenomena of the living protoplasm. 



Problems of permeability are reviewed periodically in the Annual Review of 

 Physiology. In 1945 this topic was covered by S. C. Brooks. Work on the uptake 

 and exchange of solutes is described by Hoagland (1944) and Kjjogh (1946). The- 

 ories of membrane permeability are extensively treated in the works of Brooks and 

 Brooks (1941), Davson and Danielli (1943), and Hober (1945). 



Osmotic quantities of cells and their interrelations have received detailed attention 

 by Thoday (1918), Hofler (1920), Beck (1928), and Meyer (1938, 1945). Cryo- 

 scopic determination of osmotic pressure values has been stressed by Walter (1931a) 

 and his associates. Ursprung (1938) has compiled much of the work on the plasmoly- 

 tic method. Harris (1934) has accumulated an abundance of data on freezing point 

 lowering of plant saps, particularly as related to distribution of the plants. 



Bennet-Clark, Greenwood, and Barker (1936) have renewed the interest in ac- 

 tive cell water relations. Papers by Bennet-Clark and Bexon (1940, 1943, 1946), 

 Mason and Phillis (1939), van Overbeek (1942, 1944), and Lyon (1942) treat 

 various aspects of the same subject. 



Water relations are intimately involved in frost and drought resistance. Reviews 

 by Levitt (1941) and Scarth (1944) report work on frost resistance. Maximov 

 (1929a, 1929&, 1941), Tumanov (1929), Vassiliev and Vassiliev (1936), Martin 

 (1930), and Aamodt and Johnston (1936) have covered drought resistance. 



The role of water in the physiology of plant cells has been studied in detail in re- 

 cent years. Kuster (1935), Ursprung (1938), and Guilliermond (1941) have pro- 

 vided monographs covering this subject, while Brauner (1932) and Strugger (1935) 

 describe methods for studying the physiology of cells. The AAAS' monograph "The 

 Cell and Protoplasm" (1940) covers many aspects of cell physiology as does also the 

 monograph of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, "The Structure of Proto- 

 plasm" edited by Seifriz (1942). 



Finally, Reed (1942) gives a historical view of plant water relations with addi- 

 tional reference material ; two recent books covering the field of physical biochemistry 

 by Bull (1943) and Hober (1945) provide a wealth of information for the student 

 of cell physiology. 



