96 



ALICE EASTWOOD 



yellow pine, and the Upper Sonoran Zone where the pinon 

 prevails. The juniper characteristic of this region, and growing 

 commonly with the pifion is the Utah juniper (J. utahensis). The 

 bark is shreddy and the berries bluish. Just below the rim a few 

 trees of douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata) can be seen with 

 dark green, single, needle-shaped leaves surrounding the branchlets 

 and brown persistent pendent cones. The white fir (Abies con- 

 color) is at the rim where the Grand View trail begins and can 

 be distinguished by the upright cones, which fall to pieces when 



Fig. 1. In the dense forest of juniper and pinon south of El Tovar. (Photo- 

 graph by Forrest Shreve.) 



the seeds are ripe, leaving the axis erect on the branch, and by 

 the pale green, two ranked linear leaves, like flattened needles. 

 The pifions and the junipers extend far down the cafion walls 

 but the other conifers are only near the rim. Where the 

 pinon stops the Lower Sonoran Zone begins with characteristic 

 vegetation. 



Scrub oaks and attractive shrubs are scattered under the 

 coniferous forest. The oaks are especially numerous under 

 the yellow pines and belong to the common species Quercus 

 gambelii characteristic of the yellow pine areas throughout 



