278 B. M. DUGGAR 



relations of the plant as a whole, or of its parts, to internal and 

 external factors. The static and the dynamic study of vegeta- 

 tion may perhaps be separated off as ecology, but there is no 

 logical subdivision of physiology on the basis of simplicity or com- 

 plexity of organization. The physiology of the bacteria, of the 

 fungi, of the algae, and of all higher classes of organisms is funda- 

 mentally the same. 



For practical purposes it is possible to associate certain phases 

 of abnormal physiology with certain phases of anatomy, histol- 

 ogy, and more particularly mycology, under the caption phyto- 

 pathology. Even so, however, much that is fundamentally 

 pathological may not be logically extricated from that which is 

 non-pathological, and physiology may legitimately concern itself 

 with a certain, at present ill-defined, phase of phytopathology, 

 including the so-called physiological diseases. Indeed, however 

 narrowly or broadly we may define either field, pathologists. must, 

 and the majority do, recognize that one or more of the legs of 

 their chairs rests on the foundation of physiology. Although 

 expressing the close relation between pathologists and other 

 botanists Dr. Lyman has persisted in using the expression ' 'pathol- 

 ogists and botanists" — just as one might say hash and chili 

 con carne; yet both are made from yesterday's beef, and the dif- 

 ference lies chiefly in the seasoning. I cannot let pass unchal- 

 lenged the statement that the pathologist must be essentially a 

 mycologist. I have greater hope for the pathologist, for I be- 

 lieve that research in his field is inseparable from research in 

 physiology; that is, pathology deals not merely with the causal or- 

 ganism and the affected host but with all growth relations and in- 

 terrelations of both. To demonstrate this is a part of our duty 

 as physiologists. 



In much the same way as for pathology one may segregate as 

 a distinct subject certain aspects of " bacteriology." One may 

 relate the last-named science in part to taxonomy and morphol- 

 ogy, to medical science, and to a variety of industrial "depart- 

 ments." Nevertheless, these relations take nothing whatever 

 from the fundamental physiological aspects of bacteriology as a 

 whole; for in this entire field morphology is secondary, while 



