TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 



PREFACE ■ iii 



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v 



LIST OF FIGURES xii 



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiv 



1. INTRODUCTION 1 



The National Wildlife Refuge System 1 



Petroleum Development on the Gulf Coast 1 



Ownership and Surface Rights 3 



Federally Owned Oil and Gas 3 



Excepted Oil and Gas 3 



Reserved Oil and Gas . 4 



Ownership Circumstances on National Wildlife Refuges .... 5 



Management of Oil and Gas Activities 6 



Permits 6 



Role of the Refuge Manager 7 



Purpose and Objectives of the Study 8 



Project Methodology 8 



Task 1, Case Study Sites 8 



Task 2, Compilation and Synthesis of Environmental Data ... 8 

 Task 3, Description of Hydrocarbon Resource Extraction and 



Transport Operations 9 



Task 4, Impact Assessment 9 



Task 5, Evaluation of Safeguards 9 



Task 6, Proposed Methods and Standards 10 



Final Report 10 



2. SELECTION OF REFUGES 11 



Criteria for Selection 11 



Institutional and Legal Considerations 11 



Environmental Aspects and System Types 12 



Actual Methods Used 12 



Miscellaneous Differences 13 



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