476 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM 



Preopercle somewhat cavernous, its posterior border serrate, with about fourteen 

 small spines. Teeth minute and villiform. Gill-rakers 9 + 13 to 15, short and 

 slender, with two rows of very small spines on each. 



Scales ctenoid, except on the snout and front of cheeks. Top of head without 

 a regular series of median scales. Caudal scaled only at the base in small speci- 

 mens, almost entirely covered with scales in the largest specimen (193 mm.). 

 Soft dorsal scaled over the proximal one-half, the scales ctenoid and in single series 

 between the rays; anal scaled over the basal one-third of the anterior half. Lateral 

 line becoming straight over the last anal rays. 



Longest dorsal spine 1.5 in the head; soft dorsal high, 2.8 in the head. Caudal 

 rhombic, 1.3 in the head in adults, middle rays and rays just below the middle 

 elongate in the young. Second anal spine very large and strong, 1.9 in the head; 

 longest anal ray 1.7 in the head. Pectorals and ventrals about equal, 1.5 in the 

 head; first ventral ray with a short filamentous projection. 



Ground-color brownish, dark above, especially in large specimens. A round 

 dusky spot on the opercle just in front of the anterior end of the lateral line, less 

 distinct in large specimens. Axil dusky. Numerous chromatophores scattered 

 over the body, opercle, and cheeks. Membrane of the spinous dorsal nearly 

 black in large specimens; tips of the soft dorsal rays blackish; a dark stripe along 

 the outer half of the soft dorsal, interrupted by the colorless rays. Caudal dusky 

 where scaled ; anal and ventrals sometimes dusky. A small brownish bar near the 

 edge of each scale rarely gives the appearance of undulating or oblique stripes. 

 Base of scales above the lateral line silvery in young specimens, light steel-blue in 

 adults. Scales below the lateral line with a yellow or copper tinge just above the 

 front of the anal. Young specimens with the caudal, a narrow area along the 

 back, and the upper half of the iris, sunset-red in life. 



322. Pachypops grunniens (Schomburgk). 



Corvina grunniens Schomburgk, Fishes Brit. Guiana, II, 1843, 136 (Essequibo). 

 Pachypops grunniens Jordan and Eigenmann, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. for 1886, 



1889, 414 (name only). 



One specimen, 163 mm. Tumatumari. (C. M. Cat. No. 2478.) 



Three specimens, 52-68 mm. Crab Falls. (C. M. Cat. No. 2477a; I. U. 

 Cat. No. 12572.) 



Head 3-3.2; depth 3.9-4.25; D. X-I,30-32; A. 1,7; scales 57 with pores, 63 

 oblique series above the lateral line; eye large, its width 1.25 in its length, its 

 length 3-3.2 in the head; interorbital 1.5 in the eye. 



