APPENDICES. 



PANJAB. 



1. The territories under the Government of the Panjab and its 



Dependencies, excluding independent States, 



Territory under the Panjab Go- rise the Cis and Tra.lS-Sutlej Districts, 



vernment. Physical geography. * •«•*-« • • -to a- 



placed under a Chief Commissioner in 184o ; 

 the Panjab Proper annexed in 1849, and the Delhi territories transferred 

 in 1858, the whole lying between the 28th and 35th parallels of north 

 latitude, and the 70th and 78th degrees of east longitude. It is com- 

 puted at 102,001 square miles : bounded on the north and north-east by 

 the Himalayan mountains; on the east by the river Jumna; on the 

 south by the North- Western Provinces, Rajputana and the river Sutlej ; 

 on the west by the Sulimani hills and Afghanistan. The large rivers 

 afford water communication for 2,902 miles, but the channels are shallow, 

 sandy, and shifting, whilst during the rains the currents are very rapid. 

 The river Jumna, as already observed, forms the eastern boundary of this 

 province, as it emerges from the Sewalik range of hills, and between it 

 and the Indus, on the extreme west of the Himalayan range, are five 

 intermediate rivers, the Sutlej, Bias, Ravi, Chenab, and Jhilam, all of 

 which eventually find their way into the Indus. These rivers are the 

 drainage lines of the Himalayas, containing their least amount of water 

 during the cold season, and subsequently increasing up to the monsoon 

 time, owing to the increased heat augmenting the melting of the snows 

 at their sources. " A remarkable feature in the topography of the 

 province is the number of large rivers, which after pursuing their course 

 for hundreds of miles in the valleys and glens of the mountain ranges to 

 the north, debouch on to the plain country, dividing it into Doabs, and 

 flow on in a direction generally southerly to the ocean. These rivers 

 usually overflow their banks, sometimes to the extent of miles during 

 the seasons of the heavy rains, and contract in the dry season till the 

 slender stream is spanned by a bridge of a few boats, leaving dry beds 

 of sand or mud on either side, which are brought under cultivation. 

 Such being the character of the Panjab rivers, changes in their course, of 

 greater or less extent, are not infrequent/' Certain hollows or holes in 

 the rivers, which are only united with the main stream during the inun- 



