prey. The marsh hawk is also in- 

 cluded in this water based group. 

 The remaining 11 species, including 

 the swallow tailed kite, 7 hawks, 

 and 3 owls, often use the mangrove 

 zone along with many other upland 

 habitats. 



The 71 species of arboreal 

 birds listed by Odum et al. (1982) 

 as occurring in the mangrove zone 

 rely rather exclusively on the up- 

 lands, swamps, and canopy cover for 

 both food and habitat. Trophically, 

 these birds are distributed into 3 

 categories, 4 species of herbivores, 

 10 species of omnivores, and 57 spe- 

 cies of primary carnivores, mainly 

 insectivores. 



Table 34 from Kale (1978) lists 

 40 species of birds that utilize the 

 Florida mangrove habitat that are 

 endangered, threatened, rare, of 

 special concern, or of undetermined 

 status. The 95% reduction in the 

 number of wading birds is well ex- 

 pressed here; none of them have been 

 spared from the list. 



7.36 MAMMALS 



Odum et al. (1982) list only 20 

 species of mammals from the Florida 

 mangrove zone as compared to 28 from 

 the terrestrial and freshwater wet- 

 lands (SFRC 1980). The latter auth- 

 ors list only 9 mammals occurring in 

 the scrub mangroves along northeast 

 Florida Bay, 5 of which (3 bats, the 

 cotton mouse, and the hispid cotton 

 rat) are not included by Odum et al. 

 (1982) for a total overlap of only 4 

 species. Table 35 is a trophic cat- 

 egory listing of the 20 mammal spe- 

 cies listed by Odum et al. (1982). 



Of the strict herbivores, one 

 subspecies, the key deer ( Odocoileus 

 virginianus clavium ) is considered 

 endangered but is limited to the 

 Florida Keys. The mangrove fox 



Endangered 

 Wood stork 



( Hycteria amencana I 

 Everglade Kite 



( Rostrhamus sociabi I is plumbeus) 

 Peregrine Falcon 



( Fa! co peregnnus ) 

 Snowy Plover 



( Charadnus alexandnnus tenmrostris ) 

 Cape Sable Sparrow 



( Ammospiza mantima mirabi lis ) 



Threatened 

 Brown Pelican 



t Pelecanus occidentals carolinensis ) 

 Magnificent Frigate Bird 



( Friqata maqnif icens ) 

 Said Eagle 



( Hal laeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus ) 

 Osprey 



( Pandton hallaetus carolinensis ) 

 American Oyster Catcher 



( Haematopus pal 1 latus ) 

 Roseate Tern 



( Sterna dougallii ) 



Rare 



Reddish Egret 



( Oichromanassa rufescens) 

 Roseate Spoonbi 11 



( Ajaia ajaja J 

 Mangrove Cuckoo 



( Coccyzus minor) 

 Ant il lean Nighthawk 



( Chordei les minor vicinus ) 

 Black Whiskered vireo 



t Vireo alt i loquus ) 

 Cuban Yellow Warbler 



( Dendroica petechia qundlachi ) 

 Louisiana Water Thrush 



( Seiurus nptae ilia) 



Species of Special Concern 

 Great White Heron 



(Ardea herpdius Occident^) 

 Litt le Sloe Heron 



(Florida caerulea ) 

 Great Egret 



( Casmerpdius a 1 bu s ) 

 Snowy Egret 



[ Eg ret t a thuja) 

 Louisiana Heron 



[ Hydranassa tricolor ) 

 Black Crowned Night Heron 



( Nycticora* nycticorax ) 

 Yel low Crowned Night Heron 



(Nyctanassa violacea ) 

 Least Bittern 



t Ixobrychus exilis exi lis ) 

 Glossy lb' i 



( Plegadis falcine llus falcinellus) 

 White Ibis 



( Eudocimus albus ) 

 Coopers Hawk 



( Accipiter cooperi i ) 

 Piping Plover 



( Charadrius melodus ) 

 American Avocet 



( Recurvirostra americana ) 

 Sooty Tern 



( Sterna fuse at a ) 

 Royal Tern 



( Sterna maxima ) 

 Sandwich Tern 



(Sterna sandvicensis ) 

 Noddy Tern 



( Anous stolidus ) 

 Florida Praine Warbler 



( Dendrpica discolor paludicola ) 



Status Undetermined 

 Merlin 



( Falco columbarius ) 

 F 1 orida Clapper Rail 



( Rallus longlrpstris scotti ) 

 Mangrove Clapper Rail 



( Rallus lonqirostris insutarum) 

 Slack Rail 



( Laterallus jamaicensis) 



Table 34. Endangered, threatened, 

 or rare bird species, and 

 species of special concern 

 that utilize the mangrove 

 zone (adapted from Kale 

 1978). 



squirrel ( Seiurus niger avicennia ) 

 is also considered endangered and 

 the West Indian manatee ( Trichechus 

 manatus latirostris ) is considered 

 threatened. 



The mangrove fox squirrel oc- 

 curs in other terrestrial habitats 

 than mangroves, such as mature pine- 

 lands, dry cypress strands, and 

 tropical hammocks. In the early 

 1900's, this squirrel was known from 

 the present study area but is now 

 believed restricted to the north- 

 western fringes of the watershed 

 (Brown 1978). Seeds of slash pine 

 are preferred foods but the nuts, 

 fruits, and buds of many other spe- 

 cies are also taken. 



According to Hartman (1978) 

 manatees migrate between favored 

 habitats around Florida in response 



163 



