Quail. — On Epalxiphora axenana. 349 



having a slender neck which extends to the edge of leaf or 

 leaves. The pupa is suspended horizontally within the body 

 of the cocoon. In emergence the pupa projects rather more 

 than the thoracic segments beyond the neck of the cocoon, a 

 silken cable secured to its anal armature preventing it from over- 

 passing the point of security and falling to the ground. I did 

 find one pupa, which had either slipped its cable or broken it, 

 with its anal armature amongst the outer silk at the mouth 

 of the cocoon ; the pupa, having passed quite out of the cocoon, 

 was empty when found. 



The pupa at first is unicolorous, green with darker green 

 mediodorsal line on abdomen. The first colour-change is noticed 

 in the eyes, which become red, then a reddish colour spreads 

 over the face-parts, next the thorax and wings show imaginal 

 markings. Duration of pupal stage, seventeen to twenty-nine 

 days. 



The pupa is 9 mm. long, 3 mm. wide at mesothorax, anterior 

 end rounded ; the segments taper dorsally and ventral ly from 

 mesothorax ; the 9th abdominal is ventrally rounded, 10th 

 produced to a long blunt point carrying two lateral hooks on 

 each side, two ventro-posterior hooks, two posterior hooks — 

 in all eight hooks, which are not the modified prongs of the 

 larval anal comb, but a distinct pupal armature. Wing-cases 

 extend to the posterior edge of 3rd abdominal segment ; an- 

 tennae follow the costal curve from back of eyes to tips of wings ; 

 proboscis and two pairs of legs fill the space to antennal tips. 

 Abdominals 2 to 7 carry two rows of dorsal spines. Some por- 

 tions of the segments have a reticulation similar to that on the 

 larval skin, but without bosses or spikes except in the region 

 of the obsolete anal orifice, where a minute point appears in the 

 centre of many figures of the reticulation. 



On dehiscence the head separates and carries the antennae, 

 which are separated throughout their length from the other 

 organs ; leg-cases remain attached at their tips ; wing-cases 

 are loosened at their suture with abdomen. The dorsum of 

 thorax splits centrally. 



The imagines of first brood were all males with one exception, 

 a 2 type like its parent. Imagines of second brood were mostly 

 males, but there were two typical females, and one like the 

 parent, type form /3. 



Parasites on Epalx. axenana : Frequently the one true 

 home of the larva of Epalx. axenana is occupied by a spider ; 

 sometimes a living larva and a living but very small, possibly 

 juvenile, spider have occupied the same roof -leaf, and pupae 

 have been similarly situated. Sometimes the pupa contains 

 the grub of a parasite which assimilates the internal anatomy 



