Chapter 17 (Continued) 



Natural Factors Affecting Abundance 17-16 



Human Factors 17-21 



Direct mortality 17-23 



Environmental contaminants 17-28 



IMPORTANCE TO HUMANITY 17-28 



MANAGEMENT 17-31 



REFERENCES 17-34 



CHAPTER 18: REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 18-1 



DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE 18-3 



HABITAT PREFERENCES 18-3 



BREEDING HABITS 18-4 



FOOD HABITS 18-6 



FACTORS OF ABUNDANCE 18-7 



Natural Factors 18-7 



Human Factors 18-7 



Agriculture 18-7 



Pollution 18-7 



Impoundments 18-8 



Land, water, and forest disturbances 18-8 



IMPORTANCE TO HUMANITY 18-9 



MANAGEMENT 18-9 



RESEARCH NEEDS 18-9 



REFERENCES 18-10 



CHAPTER 19: COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT FOREST TYPES 19-1 



SPRUCE-FIR TYPE 19-4 



Habitat Conditions 19-4 



Reproduction and Early Growth 19-8 



Management Methods 19-8 



Management of uneven-aged stands 19-10 



Management of even-aged stands 19-11 



Natural Enemies 19-14 



MAPLE -BEECH-BIRCH TYPE 19-14 



Habitat Conditions 19-14 



Reproduction and Growth 19-15 



Management Methods 19-15 



Management of uneven-aged stands 19-15 



Management of even-aged stands 19-16 



Natural Enemies 19-17 



WHITE PINE -HEMLOCK-HARDWOOD TYPE 19-17 



Habitat Conditions 19-17 



Reproduction and Growth 19-18 



Management Practices 19-18 



FUELWOOD 19-22 



Species Used 19-22 



Silvicultural Methods 19-22 



CHRISTMAS TREE PRODUCTION 19-25 



RESEARCH NEEDS 19-25 



REFERENCES 19-27 



xv 



