Analytical costs were: hydrocarbons, $1000 per sample; radionuclides, $550 per 

 sample; and heavy metals, S50 per sample. The pollutants analyzed are listed in 

 Table 2. 



The program has identified varying degrees of pollution in U.S. coastal waters. 

 PCB levels at New Bedford Bay, Massachusetts, were so high that bans were placed 

 upon commercial fishing activities. Here the mussels had the highest PCB contents 

 measured in the program. High levels of DDT and its degradation products were 

 found in mussels taken from waters between San Francisco. California, and 

 San Diego. California. The source of these pesticides was a manufacturing plant in 

 Los Angeles, California, between the two cities cited above. Wastes from the plant 

 were discharged through a sewer outfall to the oceans. There are a number of heavy- 

 metal "hot spots." Elevated levels appear in mussels from the New York-New Haven 

 area. The highest concentrations of copper and cadmium occur in organisms 

 collected in New Haven Harbor, Connecticut. 



Table 2. Pollutants Analyzed in U.S. Mussel Watch 



Heavy metals: Lead, cadmium, silver, zinc, copper, and nickel. 



Mercury was added in 1 978. 



Radionuclides: Pu-239+240, Pu-238, Am-241, and Cs-137 



Halogenated hydrocarbons: p, p'-DDE and p, p'-DDD 



PCBs(1254 and 1260). 



Petroleum hydrocarbons: Naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes, C-2 



naphthalenes, C-3 naphthalenes, 

 phenanthrene, methylphenanthrenes, C-2 

 phenanthrenes, fluoroanthene, pyrene, 

 chrysene/benzanthracene/triphenylene, 

 benzopyrene/perylene benzofluoroanthene, 



dibenzothiophene, and methyldibenzothioph ene. 



Coastal marine sediments, especially anoxic ones, contain historical records of 

 pollution. Usually, chronologies are developed on the basis of radiometric measure- 

 ments, such as lead-210 or cesium-137 assays, or by the counting of varves. Heavy 

 metals, artificial radioactivities, and halogenated hydrocarbons have been studied 

 usually over periods of about a hundred years or less (Goldberg et al., 1978). These 

 historical records have been of greater use in studying the effects of regulatory or 

 remedial measures to reduce pollutant fluxes to the marine system than as 

 monitoring tools. 



An example of sedimentary records of pollutants and associations with source 

 functions evolves from some recent studies at Lake M ichigan. The area surrounding 

 the waters is a site of intensive agricultural and industrial activity. Natural and 

 human-induced combustion processes are responsible for the inputs of a variety of 

 materials to the lake. Some are toxic to living organisms; others are benign. The flow 

 of such materials can be followed by the charcoals produced by the incomplete 

 combustions of woods, coals, and petroleums. The morphologies and surface 

 characteristics of these charcoals (soot) are indicative of the different burning 

 processes. 



Increased fluxes of the charcoals are evident in the sedimentary strata deposited 

 after 1900. Charcoal concentrations rose constantly until about 1968, at which time 

 they reached a maximum (Figure 2). The tin, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, cobalt, 

 cadmium, zinc, and iron concentrations in the sediments displayed similar profiles as 

 a function of age of deposition. The maximum appears to be related to the period 

 when improved control devices that remove fly ash from the stack gases issuing from 

 energy-producing and industrial facilities were installed. After 1968 lower levels of 

 particulates are reported in the atmosphere adjacent to Lake Michigan. In the 

 deposit, fly ash particles increased in numbers in a fashion similar to that for char- 

 coal and heavy metals. 



