• Promising starts have been made on research that measures the impact of petro- 

 leum on whole ecosystems or functional parts of ecosystems. 



• Protocol for state and federal responses to major oil spills are beginning to take 

 on a workable form. 



• Management guidelines for the safe production, transport, and processing of 

 petroleum in the coastal environment can be derived from the scientific base 

 that has been established. 



Given this optimistic status of knowledge about petroleum impacts, it is likely 

 that future research and monitoring programs will provide an excellent basis for 

 understanding how the flow of petroleum carbon relates to the flow of photosyn- 

 thetic carbon in coastal ecosystems and what is means for marine life. 



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