22 The Ohio Journal of Science [Vol. XXI, No. 1, 



and appendages stand as generalized forms intermediate 

 between the various specialized groups of this subfamily. The 

 tips of branches are represented by Podopteryx, Thaumatoneura 

 Oxystigma and Tatocnemis. The writer believes the primitive 

 members of this subfamily to be very close to the ancestral 

 Zygopter, in size, venation, penes and male appendages. This 

 subfamily falls into three distinct groups by the penes and 

 venation. 1. Afric-oriental, 2. Mexican; 3. South American. 



2. Philoganginae. Figs. 38-39. Philoganga. 



A very archaic genus in which adjustment to great size was 

 made by the hasty method of merely lengthening all the prin- 

 cipal veins of the wing. While the naiad is not known the penis 

 and venation indicate a position near the Amphipterygince and 

 MegapodagrionincB. 



3. Amphipteryginae. Figs. 82-90. Hypolestes, {Pseudolestes), Diphlebia, 



Pentaphlebia, Amphipteryx, DevadaUa. 



The simplest member of this series is the little Hypolestes 

 in which there are but two antenodals. The penis of this genus, 

 Figs. 88-99, is close to that of Amphipteryx, Figs. 86-87. It 

 has none of the Lestine features found in Figs. 1-15. Needham 

 described^ what is probably its naiad but could not believe his 

 eyes because of its " Calopterygine " characters that suggested 

 Diphlehia.^^ These naiads with their unspecialized labia and 

 antennas are very close to those of the MegapodagrionincB. The 

 extremely discontinuous distribution of these small genera 

 shows them to be very primitive. 



4. Epallaginae. Figs. 28-37 and 40-41. Epallage, Anisopleiira, Bayadera, 



Pseudophcea, Dysphcea. 



This series has its closest relatives in the Polythorince as is 

 shown by the ventral abdominal gills in their naiads. ^^ Both 

 families are very primitive in the unspecialized antennae and 

 labia of the naiads but the pairs of gills are surely a specialization 

 as none occur in the other Zygoptera nor in the Anisoptera. The 

 male appendages in this subfamily are intermediate between 

 the Megapodagrion type with dilated appendages and the 

 Polythorine type with a basal spur. Anisopleura and Epallage 

 are the more generalized genera. 



3 Ent. News XXII. p. 151, 1911. 



loTillyard Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, 34 pp. 370-383, 1909. 



" Needham, Ent. News XXII, p. 149-150. 1911. (Anisopleura, Bayadera). 

 Hagen, Zool. Anz. Vol. Ill, pp. 304-305, 1880. (Anisopleura, Bayadera). Ris. 

 Tijdsch. V. Ent. LV, p. 168, 1912. (Euphaga). 



