297] PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA FROM FISHES— COOPER 9 



main, made many valuable additions from original observations. Van Beneden 

 (1849, 1850) first essayed to erect a more comprehensive classification than 

 had hitherto been used, and Diesing (1850) went much farther in his Subtribe I, 

 Gymnobothria, of Tribe IV, Bothriocephalidea, of Suborder I, Aprocta, of 

 Order IV, Cephalocotylea. Baird (1853) reverted to Rudolphi's brief system, 

 in listing forms from the British Museum. Wagener in two papers (1854, 

 1857) published studies on the development which even to-day are models of 

 careful work and excellent illustrating. Leidy (1855, 1856) was the first to 

 report forms from America, while We inland (1858) made a few references to 

 bothriocephalids. 



Then, until Diesmg (1863) revised his classification nothing of systematic 

 importance appeared. Olsson (1867) was one of the first to report species 

 from the Scandinavian countries; later (1876, 1893) he made further contri- 

 butions from the same region. After Willemoes-Suhm's (1869) studies on the 

 development of Schislocephalus dimorphus, came Duchamp's (1876) and 

 Donnadieu's (1877) classical experiments on the life-histories of the ligules. 

 Linstow (1878) brought together in a list the forms known up to that time. 

 A few years later Fraipont (1880, 1881) published studies on the excretory 

 system of a number of species v/hich even to-day are perhaps the most impor- 

 tant contributions in that direction. The nervous system was made the 

 object of special inquiry by Lang (1881), while later it was dealt with more 

 at length by Niemiec (1888) and Cohn (1898). After a period in which such 

 works as those with studies on development by Moniez (1881), Zschokke 

 (1884) and Schauinsland (1885) are prominent, come the next reports 

 of species from America, namely, those contained in Linton's first paper (1889). 

 The latter was followed by a second (1890), containing extensions of the first, 

 and later by others (1891, 1897, 1901 and 1901a) dealing with a variety of 

 forms from marine and fresh-water fishes. Further anatomical studies by 

 Lonnberg (1891), Kraemer (1892), Matz (1892) and Zernecke (1895) lead on 

 to Monticelli's (1892) classification, which was the most important since the 

 time of Diesing, altho Perrier (1878) had in the meantime voiced his ideas along 

 that line. The next in order is Ariola's (1896) division of the family " Bothrio- 

 cephalidae, " in which incidentally were yet to be found errors regarding the 

 position of the bothria. 



Beginning with 1894 and continuing to 1900 there was in progress the 

 publication of Braun's Cestodes in Bronn's Tierreich, which is by far the most 

 comprehensive work on the group, since it brings together the substance of the 

 most important of the earlier works on the morphology as well as the system 

 of the order. One of the first papers by Luhe, who did recent important work 

 on the group, was that (1896) in which he dealt with the nervous system of 

 Ligula. Further study led him to publish a few years later (1899) his first classi- 

 fication, which was adopted by Braun (1894-1900). In the meantime Lonn- 

 berg (1897) made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the phylogeny 

 of the parasitic flatworms; while Gamble (1896) and Perrier (1897) had erected 

 systems of classification which, however, do not have nearly as much in their 



