325] rSEUDOPHYLLIDEA FROM FISHES— COOPER 37 



authors, very fine meshed, calcareous bodies are present in comparatively 

 small numbers, particularly just beneath the subcuticula of the larva. Their 

 maximum dimensions are 23 by IS^t. 



The musculature has been well described by Kiessling and Fuhrmann, so 

 that it needs only to be added that in sections of mature proglottides the outer- 

 most layer of transverse muscles as well as the outer longitudinal layer are 

 much less numerous and hence well defined than in the larva. Whereas 

 Kiessling gave the thickness of the external and internal longitudinal groups, 

 which on account of their compact nature were found to be more uniform in 

 thickness than the transverse layers, as 8 to 2>2> and 16 to 49^1, respectively, 

 and Fuhrmann as 4 and 8/x, the writer found them to be 17 and 30 to 40;u. 



The nervous system was first studied in detail by Niemiec (1888:9) and 

 later more thoroughly by Cohn (1898:126) who summarized its structure in 

 the following words: "Von dcm vordersten Thcil, den Gangllen und der 

 Commissur, ziehen die Hauptstrange und 12 Nebennerven riickwarts [six 

 associated with each chief strand]. Die Nebennerven theilen sich dichoto- 

 misch in zv/ei Ebenen, der frontalen und radiiiren, ein Theil des Theilfasern 

 riickt zwischen aussere Transversal- und Langsmuskeln, der andere bleibt 

 weiter nach innen zu zuriick, und diese Nerven treten einerseits unter einander 

 durch Ringcommissuren, andrerseits durch radiare Fasern mit den Haupt- 

 nerven in Verbindung. " Kiessling gave the diameter of the chief nerve 

 strands as 38jU and Solowiow as 67.9,a; here they were found to be from 30 in 

 mature proglottides to 75/^ ii^ the anterior segments. The gangUa have a 

 diameter of from S^ to ^5ij., as compared with 77/^ of Kiessling. 



In transections from 25 to 30 excretory vessels appear in the medullary 

 parenchyma with diameters ranging from^ 29 to 63ju. Fuhrmann gave 24 as 

 the number, while Solowiow gave their size as 13.9 to 23.3/x. Foramina secun- 

 daria pierce the cuticula here and there, laut they are not very numerous. 



As indicated in the diagnosis of the subfamily the reproductive organs 

 appear close behmd the scolex. In one toto preparation of a larval specimen, 

 numiber 72 of the above table, the earliest traces of their rudiments were present 

 in the 18th proglottis, or 3.96mm. from the anterior end, while in the only 

 mature specimen, H.7, they were in the 16th proglottis, a few eggs appearing 

 in the uterus of the 17th. The cirrus and vagina open close together in a 

 very shallow and sometimes quite obUterated genital cloaca having a maximum 

 diameter of about 90^*, the vagina behind the cirrus, but only very slightly 

 either to the right or left and not according as the uterine opening further 

 back likewise alternates irregularly but with a greater ampUtude. The three 

 apertures form almost a right-angled triangle, as described by Kiessling; but, 

 as vv^as pointed out by Liihe (1899a :7 16) this arrangement is by no means con- 

 stant but varies with the state of contraction or relaxation of the whole ^^t^robila 

 and hence cannot be considered as specific. 



The testes are arranged in a single layer in the dorsal portion of tlie medulla 

 not only in the larva but also in the adult, as described by Fuhrmann, the 

 majority of the excretory vessels being situated towards the ventral side of the 



