BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



of France. Another variet}', ochracea, Stand. 

 has the ground colour dark ochre-yellow. It 

 occurs in Southern Europe. 



T. cerisyi, Godt. occurs in Greece and 

 Turkey. 



T. rumina, Linn, is found in Spain and 

 Portugal, and the paler form var. medesi- 

 caste, lUig. is found in the South of France. 



Genus Parnassius, Latr. 



Wings broad and rounded, the inner margin 

 of the hind wings covered with dense black 

 scales. The female is provided with a horny 

 pouch on the abdomen. The pupae are smooth 

 and covered with a purple bloom. They spin 

 themselves up between lea\es with silken 

 threads. The pupa; are found on the ground, 

 under stones, etc. 



P. apoUo, Linn. PL I. fig. 4. Larva 

 fig. 4a. occurs on hills and mountains through- 

 out Europe, except Great Britain. The cater- 

 pillar lives in May and June on Sedniii album, 

 and prefers the leaves which have been red- 

 dened by the sun. 



P. delius, Esp., is very like apollo, but is 

 smaller, and the wings are generally whiter and 

 more thickly covered with scales. The fore 

 wings are less rounded and are often marked 

 with red spots. It is found in the higher Alps 

 of Switzerland and the Southern Tyrol. It 

 is very fond of resting on the flowers of 

 thistles. The caterpillar is very like that of 

 apollo, and is found in June on saxifrage. 



P. mnemosyne, Linn. PL I. fig. 5. is 

 white, with black veins and spots, but no red 

 ones. It occurs in mountainous districts in 

 Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Pyrenees, 

 appearing in June. The larva is smoky black, 

 with two reddish yellow spots on each seg- 

 ment. It appears in April and May, and feeds 

 on larkspur. 



FAMILY 

 P I E R I D ^. 



These are white or yellow butterflies of 

 moderate size, with the wings generally roun- 

 ded, the hind wings being neither concave 

 nor dentated. They frequent meadows and 

 gardens, and are often met with in large num- 

 bers. The larvae are short, smooth, or downy. 



and are great pests in vegetable gardens. 

 The pupae are angular, slightly compressed 

 laterally, and tapering to a point. They are 

 attached by the tail, and by a belt of silk 

 around the bod)-. 



Genus Aporia, Hiibn. 



The wings are white, with distinct black 

 nervures. The only European species is 



A. crataegi, Linn. The Black-veined White. 

 PL II. fig. I. Larva la. occurs all over Europe, 

 appearing in June and July. It is confined 

 in England to the Midland and Southern 

 counties, and is not found in Ireland or Scot- 

 land. The larvffi pass the Winter gregariously 

 in webs on fruit-trees, whitethorn, and sloe. 

 They separate after moulting for the third 

 time, and assume the pupa state on the boughs 

 and trunks of trees in May and June. On 

 the Continent they are very destructive to 

 orchards. This insect is always of uncertain 

 appearance, and within the last few years has 

 become very rare, if not almost extinct, in 

 England, without anv apparent reason. 



Genus Pieris, Schrank. 



The fore wings are blackish at the tip and 

 rather pointed, and the under side of the hind 

 wings is jellowish or greenish. The cater- 

 pillars feed on low plants, chiefly those be- 

 longing to the order Crucifera;. They are often 

 very destructive in gardens. The pupae are 

 angular, and the anterior end is rather pointed. 



P. brassicae, Linn. The Large White. 

 PL II. fig. 2. Female 2a. Larva 2b. Pupa 2c. 

 is abundant throughout Europe all through 

 the Summer. It is double brooded, and the 

 caterpillars are found from June to September 

 on cabbages, etc., often completely stripping 

 the leaves. They are xery much infested by 

 ichneumons, however, and dead caterpillars are 

 sometimes covered with the cocoons of these 

 insects. 



P. rapae, Linn. The Small White. PL II. 

 fig. 3. Female 3a. is common everywhere from 

 Spring to Autumn. It is our commonest 

 British butterfly, and is not infrciiuently met 

 with in town gardens and squares. The cater- 

 pillar is dull green, with yellow dorsal and 

 transverse lateral lines, and is common in June 

 and September on cabbages. 



