BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



costa there is a red spot. It is found in July 

 on mountain pastures in Switzerland and the 

 Pyrenees. The caterpillar is dark green, with 

 a white lateral stripe, and is found in May 

 and June on Vkia. 



C. hyale, Linn. The Pale Clouded Yel- 

 low. PI. III. fig. 5. occurs from July to 

 September, and is common in fields and 

 meadows throughout Europe. In England 

 it is generally scarce, and is almost confined 

 to the Southern counties. The larva is 

 dark green, with a narrow yellow and white 

 lateral stripe. It is found in June on legu- 

 minous plants, especially trefoil. 



C. edusa, Fabr. The Clouded Yellow. 

 PI. III. fig. 6. Female fig. 6a. is commoner 

 in England than hyale, but like it is very 

 variable in its appearance, being scarce or 

 local for some years, and then appearing in 

 large numbers all over the country, as was 

 the case in 1877. The variety helice, Hiibn. 

 PI. III. fig. 7. is a pale form of the female, 

 found most frequently in the South of Europe, 

 but sometimes in England too. The larva is 

 dark green, with a narrow whitish lateral stripe 

 and yellowish spiracles. It is found in June 

 on various species of TrifoUitm, especially the 

 common clover. 



C. myrmidone, Esp. resembles the last 

 species, but is smaller and of a brighter orange 

 colour with a reddish shine, with a narrower 

 marginal band, not intersected with yellow 

 lines in the male. On the under side the dark 

 spots near the hind margins are either wanting 

 or indistinct. It is found in Southern and 

 Eastern Europe in May and August. 



Genus Gonepteryx, Leach. 



The wings are broad with a prominent 

 angular projection ; there is an orange spot 

 at the end of the discoidal cell on each wing. 

 The body is downy. The antenna; are red 

 and short. 



G. rhamni, Linn. The Brimstone Butter- 

 fly. PI. III. fig. 8. Larva 8a. Pupa 8b. 

 The female is greenish white, and resembles 

 the male, but is somewhat larger. The butter- 

 flies which have hibernated appear on the 

 first warm days of Spring, and are found in 

 open woods. It is fairly common in England, 

 but rare in Scotland and local in Irelanil. 



There sre two broods, which appear from 

 July to October. The caterpillars are found 

 in May and June on buckthorn. 



G. Cleopatra, Linn, differs from the last 

 species by having a large patch of orange on 

 the fore wings of the male. The female is 

 very like that of rhatnni. It is a South Euro- 

 pean species. 



FAMILY 



LYC^NID^. 



Small butterflies with the antennas straight 

 with rather long clubs. The first pair of legs 

 is shorter than the others. The hind wings 

 are tailed in some species. The caterpillars 

 are woodlouse-shaped, short and finely haired. 

 The pupas are short, thick, and immobile. 

 They are attached by the tail and by a 

 silk thread round the middle, as in the last 

 two families. 



Genus Thecla, Fabr. 



The upper side is dark brown, often with 

 a large orange or blue mark on the fore wings 

 in the female. The under side is grey or 

 brownish, with white lines and a row of orange 

 spots along the border of the hind wings. The 

 hind wings generally have a short tail. The 

 caterpillars are found on trees and bushes. 



T. betulae, Linn. The Brown Hair 

 Streak. PI. III. fig. 9. Female ga. is found 

 from July to September on the borders of 

 woods. The caterpillar is green, with dorsal 

 and lateral longitudinal white stripes. It feeds 

 upon sloe and other species of Pniiiiis in May 

 and June. 



T. spini, W. \'. The wings are brown 

 on the upper side, with one or two small 

 orange spots near the anal angle of the hind 

 wings in the male. The under side is brown- 

 ish grey, with a white line running across 

 the hind wings. Along the hind margins 

 there is a row of orange spots, and near the 

 anal angle a large blue mark. It is found 

 from June to August, and frequents open 

 places in woods and roadsides. It is common 

 in Central Europe, but is not found in Great 

 Britain. The caterpillar feeds in May on 

 species of Pruntts. 



T. w-album, Knoch. The White-letter 

 Hair Streak. PI. IV. fig. i. Under side la. 



