i6 



BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BCTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



spines are pale. It feeds on various species 

 of Viola in May and June. \'ar. eris, Meig. 

 is the most common form of the species. It 

 is without the silvery shine on the spots on 

 the under side of the hind wings. Var. pe- 

 lopia, Borkh. has the wings verj' dark on 

 the upper surface. 



A. adippe, Linn. The High Brown Fritil- 

 lary. PI. X. fig. i. Female la. Under side ib. 

 is found in many localities in open woods and 

 on uncultivated hill-sides in July. It occurs 

 in most parts of England, but less commonly 

 than paphia or aglaia, and is absent from 

 the fauna of Scotland and Ireland. The larva 

 is reddish brown, with a white dorsal stripe 

 and rusty brown spines and warts. It feeds 

 on violets in May and June. Var. cleodoxa, 

 Ochs. is paler, with the silver of the pale 

 spots on the under surface ill-defined or ab- 

 sent. It has occasionall}- been taken in 

 England, but is more of a Southern variet}', 

 being common in Switzerland, Italy, and the 

 Southern Tyrol. 



A. paphia, Linn. The Silver-Washed 

 Fritillary. PI. X. fig. 2. Female beneath 2a. 

 Larva 2b. Pupa 2c. is common in open spaces, 

 or on the outskirts of woods throughout Europe. 

 It is more or less common in every county 

 of England and Wales, and has been reported 

 from various parts of Ireland. In Scotland 

 it appears to be rare. The butterfly occurs in 

 July, and is fond of resting on the flowers of 

 bramble and thistle. The female is much 

 duller than the male, and the nervures are 

 not marked with black lines, ^^"e have figured 

 the under side of the female, that of the male 

 differs in having the silver marking less distinct. 

 The caterpillar feeds on violets, raspberries, etc., 

 in May. Var. valesina, Esp. PI. X. fig. 3. is a 

 dark greenish brown form of the female. The 

 under side resembles that of the type, but the 

 ground colour is more reddish, and the apex 

 deeper green. It is most commonly met with 

 in the South of Europe, but occurs in England, 

 in the New Forest. 



A. pandora, W. V. PI. X. fig. 4. (Under 

 side of Female) resembles paphia, but is 

 greenish fulvous on the upper surface in both 

 sexes. Two of the nervures are thickened 

 from the base to the middle in the fore wings 

 of the male. On the under side the fore 



wings are pink with black spots, and the apex 

 j-ellow with green spots. The hind wings are 

 deep green, with a narrow silvery median 

 stripe, and another near the hind margin. 

 Between these are dark-ringed silvery spots. 

 The butterfly inhabits woods and bushy 

 places in the South of Europe, and occurs as 

 a rarity in Southern Germany. The larva is 

 purplish brown, with black dorsal marks and 

 yellowish spines. It feeds on violets in May. 



FAMILY 



S A T Y R I D ^. 



Middle-sized or large butterflies, widely 

 distributed and numerous throughout Europe ; 

 amounting to nearly one third of its butterfly 

 fauna. They are mostly dull-coloured, com- 

 monly with black spots in pale rings near 

 the hind margins. The front legs are rudi- 

 mentary in both sexes. One or more of the 

 principal nervures at the base of the fore 

 wings is generally swollen or inflated. The 

 larvas are without spines, and are short and 

 finely pubescent. The head is rounded and 

 the anal extremity forked. They live on various 

 grasses at night, remaining hidden during the 

 day. The pupae are short and thick, and are 

 suspended by the tail. Most species of this 

 group inhabit hilly and wooded places. 



Genus Melanargia, Meig. 



Antennae gradually thickened into a fusi- 

 form club. They are middle-sized butterflies, 

 with rounded wings, slightly dentated on the 

 hind margins. The colour is white with black 

 markings. The under side is yellowish instead 

 of white, witli black zigzag lines towanls the 

 margins, and one eye-spot in front of them 

 near tlie apex. The hind wings have a row 

 of eye-spots near the hind margins, whicli 

 sometimes show through on the upper surface. 

 The larvae are thick and spindle-shaped, with 

 a rounded head and fine scanty pubescence, 

 and are found in the Spring till May. Only 

 one species is found in England, though several 

 inhabit the South of Europe. 



M. galathea, Linn. The Marbled White. 

 PI. X. fig. 5. Under-side 5a. Larva 5b. Under 

 side PI. XI. fig. I. This butterfly is common 

 throughout Central and Southern Europe. In 



