BRITISH AXD ECROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



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England it is very local, occurring principally 

 in the Southern and Midland counties, but is 

 often met with in large numbers where it 

 occurs. It often confines itself to a single field, 

 and is not found anywhere else in the neigh- 

 bourhood. It may not be found in Scotland or 

 Ireland. The larva is green or 3-ellowish, with a 

 reddish brown rounded head and dark dorsal 

 and lateral stripes. The body ends in two 

 points. It feeds in May on Phlenm pratensc and 

 other grasses. The pupa is smooth and yellow- 

 ish, with two conspicuous black spots, and long 

 wing-cases. 



Genus Erebia, Dalm. 



Small or middle-sized dark brown or black 

 butterflies, with black eye-spots, centred with 

 white, generally placed on a rusty red band. 

 The under side is lighter, especially in the 

 females, often with the basal half darker than 

 the rest. The caterpillars usually taper towards 

 the anal extremity, and are scantily pubescent. 

 They live on grasses, and only come out to 

 feed at night. The larvas of many species 

 are still unknown. The butterflies have their 

 headquarters in the Alps ; some species are 

 found in the lowlands, but most of them are 

 only found at considerable elevations. 



E. epiphron, Knoch. PI. XI. fig. 2. Under 

 side 2 a. is found in June and July in moun- 

 tainous districts in most parts of Central Eu- 

 rope. Var. cassiope, Fabr. The Mountain 

 Ringlet is more widely distributed, and occurs 

 on some of the mountains of the Lake District 

 of England, as well as on various mountains 

 in Scotland and Ireland. It differs from the 

 type in being smaller and lighter coloured, 

 with small black dots instead of eye-sjsots. 



E. melampus, Fuessl. is dark brown above, 

 lighter beneath, with a fulvous band on the 

 fore wings, divided into oval spots, with a small 

 black dot in the centre. The hind wings have 

 three or four fulvous spots, smaller than those 

 on the fore wings, each containing a black dot. 

 The butterfly occurs in July and August on high- 

 lying meadows in Switzerland and the Tyrol. 



E. eriphyle, Freyer. is distinguished from 

 the last species by having the middle fulvous 

 spot on the hind wings beneath placed nearer 

 the base. It is found in July and August in 

 Switzerland and Styria, but is scarce and local. 



E. arete, Fabr. Fore wings dark brown, 

 with a fulvous band, usually with two black 

 dots or small eyes near the apex. The hind 

 wings are dark brown beneath in the male, 

 lighter in the female. It is common in July 

 and August in Southern Tyrol and Styria. 



E. mnestra, Hilbn. has brown wings, with 

 a fulvous band, in which, on the fore wings, 

 are two small dots or eye-spots in the female. 

 The hind wings are dark brown, with four 

 fulvous spots on the under surface in the male, 

 lighter and without the spots in the female. 

 This butterfly occurs in high-lying meadows 

 in Central Europe, in the Swiss Alps and the 

 Southern Tyrol, etc. It ilies in July and August. 



E. pharte, Hiibn. PI. XI. fig. 3. has all 

 the wings brown, with a band of five fulvous 

 spots on the fore wings, and four ill-defined 

 spots on the hind wings, which are generally 

 wanting in the female. There are no eye-spots 

 or dots in either sex. The under side is dark 

 brown in the male, and dusted with greyish 

 yellow in the female. This insect is found in 

 damp meadows in the Alps of Switzerland and 

 Bavaria in July. 



E. manto, Esp. is dark brown with a 

 rusty red band of submarginal spots on the 

 fore wings, which are paler in the female, 

 with one or two black dots. The hind wings 

 have three or four rusty red spots in the 

 male, but are plain in the female. The under 

 side of the fore wings is brown, with a rusty 

 red band of spots as above. In the female 

 the colour is lighter and the bands yellowish, 

 and there are one or two dots on the fore 

 wings. This butterfly is found in July and 

 August in the mountainous parts of Switzer- 

 land, the Tyrol, etc. 



E. ceto, Hiibn. Dark brown above, with 

 broad submarginal rusty brown spots, each 

 containing a black dot, centred with white in 

 the female. It flies in July and August, and 

 inhabits Alpine meadows in Switzerland, 

 Southern Tyrol, and Northern Italy. 



E. medusa, Fabr. The wings are dark 

 brown on both sides, with submarginal rows 

 of light brownish spots, each containing a black 

 eye-spot centred with white. These eye-spots 

 are of the same size both above and below 

 on the hind wings. The butterfly is fairly 

 common in May and June in open woods in 



