BRIT/SH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND AJ07I/S. 



hilly districts in Central and Southern Germany 

 and in Switzerland. The larva is light green, 

 with a darker dorsal band edged with white, 

 and a whitish lateral line just above and below 

 the spiracles. It feeds in April and May on 

 P.inicum sanguinale. Var. hypomedusa, Meyer- 

 Diir. is smaller and has fewer eye-spots. It 

 occurs on the Austrian Alps and in Northern 

 Switzerland. 



E. oeme, Hiibn. All the wings are dark 

 brown without ixny fulvous bands, but there 

 are two small rusty red spots lioth on the 

 fore and hind wings ; these sometimes have a 

 white dot in the centre. The under side is 

 like the upper, but the spots on the hind wings 

 are larger. The butterfly is common in July 

 on damp meadows in the Alps of Switzerland 

 and Bavaria. Var. psodea, Freyer. is larger, 

 and has the reddish spots confluent. The 

 eye -spots in these are larger than in the 

 type. It inhabits the Alpine regions of Austria 

 and Styria. 



E. stygne, Ochs. is dark brown, with a 

 fulvous submarginal band containing bluish 

 white spots ringed with black The under side 

 of the fore wings is dark brown, with a fulvous 

 submarginal band containing three eye-spots. 

 The hind wings are uniform dark brown in 

 the male, and yellowish brown in the female, 

 with an indistinct lighter submarginal band. 

 The butterfly is found in July in mountain 

 meadows in Switzerland, Southern Tyrol, and 

 the Pyrenees. 



E. nerine, Frcycr. resembles the last 

 species closely, but is larger, and the fore 

 wings arc fulvous beneath, except on the costa 

 and hind margin. The hind wings have a 

 wliitish streak near the submarginal band. The 

 female is lighter than the male, and has a 

 yellowish white central band on the under side 

 of the hind wings. It is found in Jul\' ami 

 August in South-Eastern Germany and the 

 Tyrol. The female appears later than the male. 



E. evias, Lef. T'ore wings with a rusty red 

 submarginal band containing black eye-spots 

 with wliite pupils. This band is broad beneath, 

 and is marked as above. The under side of 

 the hind wings is dusted with white, with 

 a light band containing four small black dots. 

 It is found in Southern Tyrol and in Switzer- 

 land. In the Valais it appears as early as May. 



E. glacialis, Esp. Fore wings dark brown, 

 with a dull fulvous submarginal band. The 

 hind wings are uniform dark brown, with a 

 trace of a s\ibmarginal fulvous band in the 

 female. On the imder side the fore wings are 

 fulvous, except the hind margin and costa, 

 which are brown ; the hind wings are uniform 

 dark brown. It is found in July, and is one 

 of the highest-flying species in the Alps of 

 Switzerland and the Tyrol. Var. alecto, 

 Hiibn. is without the fulvous markings. It is 

 also found in tlic Swiss Alps, but at a lower 

 elevation than the type. Var. pluto, Esp. is 

 a \ery dark form of the male, which is almost 

 completely black on both surfaces. 



E. lappona, Esp. inhabits the higher Alps 

 of Switzerland and the Tyrol, as well as the 

 Pyrenees. It is also found in Scandinavia, 

 and derives its name from Lapland. It is 

 dark greyish brown above, with a broad ful- 

 vous band on the upper half of the fore wings, 

 containing four black dots, of which the tw'O 

 upper are close together and farther from the 

 hind margins than the others. On the under 

 side the fore wings are fulvous, with grey hind 

 margin and costa. The hind wings are bluish 

 ashy grey marbled with dark brown, and with 

 a somewhat darker central band bounded by 

 dark brown zigzag lines, outside which tliere 

 are generally four small black dots. It appears 

 from June to August. 



E. tyndarus, Esp. smaller than the last 

 species, is dark brown shot w-ith green, with 

 an indistinct fulvous submarginal band on the 

 fore wings, narrowing towards the inner margin, 

 and generally \\'\i\\ confluent white-centred 

 black dots near the apex. On the hind wings 

 the submarginal hand is represented by a few 

 fulvous spots. On the under surface the fore 

 wings are fulvous, sufluscd with grc}' on the 

 hind margins, and with one or two small black 

 dots near the apex. The hind wings are ashy 

 grey, marbled with biown lines. It is found 

 at a high elevation in Switzerland and Southern 

 Europe. Var. caecodromus, Guen. is without 

 fulvous bands and eye-spots. 



E. gorge, Esp. is about the same size as 

 the last species. The wings are broad and 

 dark brown in colour, with fulvous submarginal 

 bands on both fore and hind wings, with two 

 or three black rings centred with white, two 



