BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



19 



of these being near the apex on the fore wings. 

 These rings are more clearly defined in the 

 female than in the male. The fore wings are 

 fulvous beneath, with greyish brown margins, 

 and the eye-spots at the apex as above. The 

 hind wings are dark brown, lighter in the 

 female, marbled with grey, and with a gre>ish 

 irregularly zigzag submarginal band. The 

 butterfly is found in July and August in the 

 higher Alps, the Tyrol, and the Pyrenees. 



E. goante, Esp. is larger than f;oi'o;i- , 

 and is dark brown, with submarginal fulvous 

 bands, lighter in the female than in the male, 

 which taper towards the hinder angle in the 

 fore wings. At the apex of the fore wings 

 are two contiguous white-centred black rings, 

 and there are two smaller ones near the hinder 

 angle. The hind wings have three similar rings 

 of equal size. On the under S'de the fore wings 

 are fulvous, the marginal portion being lighter 

 than the rest, and the hind margins dark 

 brown. The rings are as above. The hind 

 wings are dark blackish brown, marbled with 

 lighter brown, and are crossed by two irregular 

 whitish bands, outside which are spots corres- 

 ponding to those on the upper surface. It is 

 found in July on the Alps of Switzerland and 

 Southern Tyrol. 



E. pronoe, Esp. is dark blackish brown, 

 with a bluish green shine. The fore wings 

 have a dull fulvous submarginal band, with 

 two black rings with white centres near the 

 apex, and another near the hinder angle. The 

 hind wings have a submarginal row of three 

 fulvous spots, containing white-centred black 

 rings. The fore wings are fulvous, suffused 

 with grey on the margins, and having eyes as 

 above. The hind wings are dark brown, 

 suffused with grey at the base and on the 

 submarginal band, which is bounded on both 

 sides by a dark zigzag line. There are gene- 

 rally no eye-spots. The butterfly occurs in 

 July and August, and is common in Switzer- 

 land and the Bavarian Alps at a moderate 

 elevation. 



E. aethiops, Esp. The Scotch Argus. 

 PI. XI. fig. 5. Female, under side, 5a. is 

 widely distributed throughout Central Europe, 

 and occurs on low ground as well as in the 

 mountains. It is common in Scotland and 

 the North of England, but is not found 



south of Yorkshire. It appears from July to 

 September. The larva is light green, with 

 a brown dorsal stripe, and a light lateral 

 stripe with a brown spot on each segment 

 below it. It lives on grasses (Poa) in May 

 and June. The pupa is yellowish, with black 

 streaks. It is found on the bare ground or 

 under stones. 



E. ligea, Linn. Under side PI. XL fig. 4., 

 resembles cethiops ; the hind wings are sinuated, 

 and the fringes marked with white and brown. 

 The under side of the fore wings is as in 

 athiops, but the fulvous band is of uniform width 

 throughout. The hind wings are dark brown, 

 with a submarginal row of black eye-spots 

 cenired with white and surrounded by a ful- 

 vous ring; within these is a more or less 

 complete irregular white-centred band. The 

 butterfly is found in July and August in wood- 

 land meadows in Central Europe. It has been 

 reported to have been taken in the Isle of 

 Arran, but this is almost certainly an error, and 

 it cannot be regarded as a British species. 

 The larva is green, with a brown dorsal 

 and whitish lateral stripe, and an orange-co- 

 loured head. It feeds on grasses in April and 

 May. The pupa is light brown with blackish 

 markings. 



E. euryale, Esp. is very like the last 

 species on the upper surface. On the under 

 side the fore wings are like ligea, but lighter; 

 the hind wings are dark reddish brown, with 

 a light submarginal band, in which are two 

 or three small black dots, sometimes centred 

 with white, but not surrounded by a fulvous 

 ring. There is sometimes a trace of a white 

 streak near the costa. It is common in Alpine 

 meadows in July and August. 



Genus CEneis, Hiibn. 



Antennae short, wings rounded, with the 

 hind margins slightly, if at all, sinuated. Ner- 

 vures of the fore wings slightly dilated towards 

 the base. The colour is dark or light ochre- 

 ous. There is a more or less distinct sub- 

 marginal band of lighter colour, containing black 

 spots, sometimes centred with white. The 

 under side is lighter than the upper, and has 

 the submarginal band and spots as above. 

 The hind wings are marbled beneath, and are 

 sometimes marked with a dark central band. 



