BRITISH AND EUROFEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOIIIS. 



hind wings. On the under side in the male, 

 the fore wings have a yellow ring round the 

 apical eye-spot, whilst the hind wings are 

 dark grey, with whitish nervures and a white 

 central band bounded by a zigzag dark brown 

 line. There is a similar line near the hind 

 margin, and two black spots near the anal 

 angle. In the female the fore wings are light 

 fulvous beneath, with the black spots as above, 

 and the hind wings grey, with a light central 

 band and whitish nervures. 



Genus Pararge, Ilabn. 



Moderate-sized butterflies, having rounded 

 wings with dentated margins and chequered 

 fringes. The fore wings are slightl}-, if at all, 

 sinuated, and have the costal and median 

 nervures dilated at the base. In colour the 

 wings are dark brown, ochre-brown, or violet- 

 brown, with yellow spots and bands, so distri- 

 buted that the dark brown only appears 

 in transverse lines and along the nervures. 

 The fore wings have always at least one black 

 ej'e-spot near the apex, generally centred 

 with white, and in one species there are five 

 submarginal spots. The hind wings have a 

 submarginal row of two, three, or four eye- 

 spots, each surrounded by a large j-ellow ring. 

 On the under side the fore wings are ful- 

 vous, with the costa, hind margin, and apex 

 brownish gre\', and the eye-spots as above. 

 The hind wings beneath are brownish or dark 

 grey, with a submarginal row of black eye- 

 spots surrounded by yellow rings, and a central 

 and two submarginal dark lines. The antennae 

 are black, ringed with white, and terminate 

 in a long oval club. 



P. maera, Linn. The male is dark brown, 

 with a submarginal row of fulvous spots on 

 the fore wings, in which there are a large and 

 a small-pupilled black eye-spot near the apex. 

 The hind wings have two or three black eye- 

 spots surrounded by fulvous rings near the 

 nnal angle. The female has the fore wings 

 fulvous, only the base, costa, and hind margin 

 being brown, and there is a brown streak 

 running from the costa to the hind angle. Near 

 the apex is a bipupilled black eye-spot. The 

 hind wings are as in the male, but lighter in 

 colour. On the under side the fore wings are 

 fulvous except towards the costa, apex, and 



hind margin, which are brownish grey. Tha 

 eye-spots are as above, and are surrounded 

 by bright j'ellow rings. The hind wings 

 are brown or reddish grey, crossed by zig- 

 zag brown lines, and with a light grey sub- 

 marginal band containing seven black eye- 

 spots centred with white and enclosed in 

 yellow rings. This butterfly is a common 

 Continental species, and is double- brooded, 

 appearing in May and August. The larva is 

 light green, with a fine white pubescence 

 a dark dorsal and whitish lateral lines. The 

 pupa is darker or lighter green, with two rows 

 of whitish or yellowish tubercles. Var. adrasta, 

 Hiibn. is deeper in colour, with the fulvous 

 band of the upper side more extended, and the 

 hind wings darker grey beneath. 



P. hiera, Fabr. is very like the last spe- 

 cies. The wings are dark brown with dark 

 lines crossing them from the costa, and ful- 

 vous marginal spots, enclosing near the apex 

 a large eye-spot, and often two small spots 

 close to the large one. The hind wings have 

 a submarginal row of black spots surrounded 

 by fulvous rings and centred with white. The 

 under side is like niara, but darker. The butter- 

 fly appears in May and June, and inhabits the 

 Alps of Switzerland and the mountainous 

 districts of Bavaria. 



P. megaera, Linn. The Wall Brown. PI. XI. 

 fig. g. Female 9 a. is one of the commonest 

 British butterflies, being found all over the 

 Kingdom. It is double-brooded, and appears 

 in May and August. It frequents lanes and 

 roadsides, and Lves to bask on sunny banks 

 and walls. The caterpillar is apple-green, with 

 dark dorsal and lateral stripes. It lives on 

 grasses in May. 



P. segeria, Linn, is dark brown with ful- 

 vous spots, and a while-centred black eye-spot 

 near the apex of the fore wings. The hind 

 wings have a submarginal row of w'hite- 

 centred black eye-spots, each with a fulvous 

 ring around it. The under side of the fore 

 wings is Hke the upper, but paler, and the 

 hind wings yellow, varied with brown and 

 violet. It appears in April and August, and 

 inhabits Soutiiern Europe. Var. aegerides, 

 Staud. The Speckled Wood. PL XI. fig. 10. 

 Female loa. This form is commonly met 

 with in Central Europe. It is found more or 



