24 



BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



out Europe in damp woods and shady places. 

 In the British Isles it is somewhat local, but 

 common where it is found. It appears in June 

 and Julj'. The larva is reddish grey, finely 

 pubescent, with a brown dorsal stripe, indistinct 

 on the first four segments, and a white lateral 

 stripe above the grey legs. The head is red- 

 dish brown with darker stripes. It feeds on 

 grasses (Poa annua. Milium effustim, etc.) till 

 May. The pupa is oval, light brown with 

 darker streaks. Var. arete, Miill. PI. XII. fig. 4. 

 has the eyes on the under side reduced to 

 white spots. It is occasionally taken in Britain, 

 but less ccmmonly than on the Continent. 



Genus Coenonympha, Hiibn. 



Small or medium-sized butterflies, with 

 rounded wings and long light-coloured fringes. 

 The subcostal, median, and submedian ner- 

 vures are all dilated at the base. The colour 

 of the wings is more or less fulvous, v.ith 

 brown margins. On the fore wings there is 

 usually an apical eye-spot, and sometimes one 

 near the hinder angle. On the under side the 

 hind wings are greyish brown, yellowish 

 grey, or greenish, witli a submarginal row of 

 ocellated spots, and with or without a whitish 

 band. On the hind margins of all the wings 

 there is a pale or dark line. The antennae have 

 black and white rings and elongated clubs. 



C. cedipus, Fabr. is uniform dark brown, 

 without eyes on the fore wings, but with a 

 row of three or four faint black spots ringed 

 with pale yellow, and often centred with white. 

 The under side is paler, with a marginal lead- 

 coloured line. The fore wings have two small 

 eye-spots, and the hind wings a row of large 

 eye-spots centred with white and surrounded 

 by yellow rings. The base of the hind wings 

 is bounded by a dark line. The butterfly 

 frequents moist woods and meadows in June, 

 and is found in Northern Switzerland and 

 Southern Germany and France. 



C. hero, Linn, is found throughout Central 

 Europe, except Britain, flying about bushes in 

 moist woods in June and July. The wings 

 are dull brown, the hind wings with a row 

 of four black spots, often ocellated and sur- 

 rounded by an orange ring. The female is 

 lighter than the male, and has one or two 

 orange-ringed spots on the fore wings, similar 



to those on the hind wings. The under surface 

 of the wings is brown; the fore wings with 

 an orange hind margin enclosing black dots ; 

 and a lead-coloured submarginal line. The hind 

 wings are dark at the base, with a submarginal 

 row of five black eye-spots with blue centres 

 and orange rings, bounded externally by a lead- 

 coloured line, and internally by a white line. 



C. iphis, Schiff. has the fore wings brown, 

 lighter in the female than in the male, and 

 the hind wings dull brown in both sexes. The 

 outer parts of all the wings are darker, except 

 for a light line near the hind margins, most 

 distinctly marked in the female. On the under 

 side, the fore wings are as above, but lighter, 

 with a small e_ve near the apex, and the apex 

 and hind margin greyish yellow. The hind 

 wings are greyish brown towards the base, 

 with an interrupted white band, and a row 

 of submarginal eyes, surrounded by yellow 

 rings. On the margin is a leaden line, 

 here and there replaced by a dark line. The 

 butterfly is common in damp meadows and 

 woods in Southern and Eastern Europe. It 

 appears in June and July. The larva is green, 

 with a dark dorsal line, and feeds on grasses 

 in May. 



C. arcania, Linn, has the fore wings 

 bright fulvous, with a broad brown marginal 

 band, and the hind wings uniform brown, except 

 for a fulvous patch near the anal angle. The 

 under side of the fore wings is bright fulvous, 

 with a black-centred eye-spot in a yellow ring 

 at the apex, and a lead-coloured marginal line. 

 The hind wings are light brown, with a yellow- 

 ish white central band and a submarginal row 

 of l)lack spots in yellow rings. The himl 

 margins are reddish, with a lead-coloured mar- 

 ginal line. The butterfly appears in May and 

 June, and is fairly common in woods on the 

 Continent, but is not found in Britain. The 

 larva is green, with a darker dorsal line and 

 a yellowish lateral line. It feeds on Mclica 

 ciliaia and other grasses in May. 



C. satyrion, Esp. This is much smaller 

 than the last species. The fore wings are 

 greyish brown in the male, and yellowish in the 

 female. The under side resembles that of arcania, 

 but is duller. The fore wings are greyish 

 brown or fulvous, with a grey apex and hind 

 margins. The hind wings have the white band 



