BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



137 



longitudinal lines on the back and a white line 

 on the sides. It feeds on Rnmcx, Tragcpogon, 

 etc., in May and June. 



A. livida, W. V. Fore wings violet-black, 

 without any markings, except occasionally a 

 slight dark trace of the reniform stigma. The 

 hind wings are cinnamon-coloured, dusted with 

 black towards the hind margins, especially 

 in the female. The head and thorax are like 

 the fore wings and the abdomen is dark grey. 

 It is found in South-Central and Southern 

 Europe in July and August. The larva is 

 yellowish green with a dark dorsal line edged 

 with lighter, yellowish dorso-lateral lines and 

 a yellow stripe on the sides. The head is 

 bluish green. It feeds on dandelion in May. 



A. pyramidea, Linn. The Copper Under- 

 wing. PI. XXVI. fig. 10. is common through- 

 out Europe in July and August. The larva 

 is grass-green with white lines and dots and 

 a red pointed elevation on the twelfth segment. 

 It feeds in May and June on willow, oak, 

 poplar, and other trees. 



A. perflua, Fabr. Fore wings dark violet- 

 brown, somewhat whitish in the basal area, 

 and with the space between the double dark 

 transverse lines, and also the marginal area 

 whitish yellow; the nervures here are dark 

 and there are a few sagittate spots on the 

 submarginal line. The orbicular stigma is light 

 and faint with a dark centre, and the reniform 

 is wanting. The marginal line is formed of 

 dark crescents, bordered with paler on the 

 inner side. The fringes are curved, with 

 almost straight dark bands in front of the 

 middle. The hind wings and abdomen are 

 reddish grey. The head and thorax are like 

 the base of the wings. It inhabits Central 

 Europe, except Britain, but is rather scarce. 

 It appears in August. The larva closely re- 

 sembles that of pyramidea, but is without the 

 red tip on the elevation on the twelfth segment, 

 the white lines are broader, and the lateral 

 stripe is interrupted from the third to the sixth 

 segment. It feeds in May and June on sallow, 

 elm, beech, etc. 



A. cinnamomea, Goeze. Fore wings dark 

 cinnamon-brown, especially on the inner half, 

 with pale yellow and brown streaky markings. 

 The nervures are dark and there is a black 

 streak from the base. The sinuated fringes 



are intersected with lighter on the nervures 

 near the base. The hind wings are pale cin- 

 namon-brown with irregular fringes marked 

 with lighter on the nervures. The palpi have 

 a short oval terminal segment. It is found 

 in South-Central Europe in July and August, 

 but is rare. The larva is yellowish green with 

 a whitish dorsal line, yellow oblique stripes on 

 the eleventh and twelfth segments, and a yel- 

 low stripe on the sides. The head is bluish. 

 It feeds on elm, poplar and spindle-tree 

 (Euoniinus) in June and July. 



FAMILY 



ORTHOSID^. 



Thorax broadly covered with thick woolly, 

 almost smooth hair or with a sharp longitu- 

 dinal crest behind the collar. The thorax is 

 strongly arched and the abdomen is short and 

 not tufted. The legs are generally short. The 

 wings are comparatively small, the fore wings 

 with rectangular, more or less sharply pointed 

 tips, and with the hind margins and fringes 

 oblique or somewhat convex, usually entire. 

 The hind wings are short and rounded. The 

 central area of the fore wings is only slightly 

 if at all darker than the ground colour. The 

 two stigmata are bare or indistinct, the two 

 central lines fine and dusted, often quite faint, 

 sometimes converging so that the central area 

 becomes triangular. The central shade is faint 

 or quite wanting. The submarginal line is 

 often indistinct and scarcely indicated; the 

 fringes are uniform in colour with the borders 

 of the wings. The hind wings are grey or 

 white, with the usual central spot and curved 

 line below it. The eyes are naked or hairy 

 and the antennae pectinated or pyramidal. 

 They fly at night, and keep the wings sloping 

 when at rest. The larvae are smooth and bare. 



Genus Teeniocampa, Guen. 



These moths are distinguished by their 

 Bombyx-like appearance. The antennae of the 

 males are pectinated, in the species from gothica 

 to stabilis, the pectinations being rather long, 

 regular and reaching to the extremity; in the 

 others they are pyramidally serrated, witli 

 brush-like cilia. The thorax is densely pubes- 

 cent. The head is retracted; the legs and 



