144 



BRITISH AXD EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



nally with darker, and a central shade, also 

 parallel with them, passing through the reni- 

 form stigma. This and the elongated kidney- 

 shaped orbicular stigma are bordered with 

 yellow. The submarginal line is deeply zigzag, 

 especially towards the inner margin, and is 

 lighter towards the base than towards the 

 hind margin. The marginal Hne is dark and 

 the fringes are doubly banded with darker. 

 Tlie hind wings are brownish grey with yel- 

 lowish fringes. The head, the crested thorax, 

 and the abdomen are greyish brown, the last 

 lighter with an almost yellow anal tuft in the 

 male. It is common in Central and Southern 

 Europe, appearing in July. The larva is light 

 green or brownish with three white stripes on 

 the back and another on the sides, as well as a 

 row of white spots between the subdorsal and 

 lateral stripes. It feeds in May and June on 

 willow and poplar. The pupa is brown and 

 is contained in a loose cocoon between leaves 

 or on the ground. 



P. subtusa, \V. V. The Olive Moth. 

 Fore wings slightly arched, greyish brown with 

 three yellow transverse lines, two of which 

 are darkly bordered on the inner side for part 

 of their course and slightly converge towards 

 the inner margin. There is a straight central 

 shade through the comparatively large reniform 

 stigma which, like the elongated orbicular and 

 the claviform stigmata, is edged with yellow. 

 The submarginal line is yellowish, and des- 

 cribes large curves. The marginal line is darker 

 and is yellow at the base. The hind wings 

 are brownish grey with yellowish fringes. The 

 head and crested thorax are greyish brown 

 and the abdomen is lighter, especially at the 

 tip. The moth is common in Central Europe 

 in July. The larva is light green with yellow- 

 ish longitudinal lines, small whitish dots, a 

 shining black head and a white front. It feeds 

 on poplar in May. The pupa is light brown 

 and rests in a slight cocoon between the leaves 

 or on the ground. 



Genus Cirrhoedria, Guen. 



Like the last genus, witli a ritiged longi- 

 tudinal crest, hut with dentated hind margins 

 and a projection on ncrvure 4 of the fore 

 wings. These moths are on the wing in August 

 and hide durin^^ the day in dry wood with 



their wings sloping. The larvae resemble those 

 of Xanthia and are short and stout with a 

 small head and a horny cervical plate. They 

 live on wild fruit trees and ash, feeding only 

 at night. 



C. ambusta, W. V. Fore wings sharply 

 pointed, reddish brown, tending to fawn-colour, 

 darkest in the central area, which is narrower 

 towards the inner margin. There are two 

 yellow transverse lines, a rather large reniform 

 stigma sharply bordered with yellow, and a 

 yellow zigzag submarginal line and brown 

 fringes. The hind wings are white, blotched 

 with brownish red, with ashy grey fringes. 

 The body is reddish grey and so are the 

 antennae, which are white at their base. It 

 appears in August, in Central Europe, except 

 the North West, and is scarce and local. 

 The caterpillar is dirty flesh-colour with three 

 white dorsal lines, obhque brownish streaks 

 and a yellowish lateral line. It feeds on apple 

 and pear in IMay. 



C. xerampelina, Hiibn. The Centre- 

 barred Sallow. Fore wings ochre-yellow with 

 white transverse lines, and a red central area 

 and hind margins. The hind wings are greyish 

 yellow, darker towards the hind margins. It 

 is very local in Central Europe, but commoner 

 in the North West. The larva is greyish 

 brown with a yellow dorsal line, a black line 

 beside it, and black longitudinal streaks between 

 them. It feeds on ash, and forms its pupa in 

 the ground. 



Genus Cleoceris, Boisd. 



This is distinguished from the next genus 

 (Orthosia) only by the pectinated antennae of 

 the males, a slight horizontal tuft of hair on 

 the second abdominal segment and the Hadena- 

 like pattern. The larvae are slender and feed 

 between the leaves of willows, which they have 

 spun together, between which they undergo 

 their transformations. 



C. viminalis, Fabr. The ]\Iinor Shoulder- 

 Knot. Fore wings ashy grey or lighter, with 

 a brownish central area, rusty yellow behind 

 the reniform stigma. The stigmata are broadly 

 bordered with black, especiallj' on the opposed 

 sides, and there is a hollow reniform stigma. 

 From this to the posterior transverse line runs a 

 short streak and another sharply-defined streak, 



