36 



nRiriSH AXD EUROPKAX BUTTERFLIES AXD MoTI/S. 



portions dark brown, the inner and hind mar- 

 gins bordered on the inner side with orange, 

 and the discoidal spot also. The transparent 

 spaces are large and oval, and the outer one 

 is composed of five cells. The imder side is 

 yellow. Hind wings with dark brown nervures 

 and margins, dusted with yellow. Fringes 

 greyish brown. Head black, pale yellow in 

 front of the eyes, and with the hinder edge 

 yellow. Antennae black, orange beneath, broadly 

 whitish near the tip in the female; often orange 

 at their base. Abdomen black, with a yellow ring 

 at the hinder end of each segment. Anal tuft 

 black mixed with pale yellow. Femora black, 

 the first pair yellow externally. Tibiae orange, 

 black at the base and before the tips. It appears 

 in July and August, and is found flying about 

 flowers. It is conunon on the Continent and 

 in many parts of Britain. The caterpillar feeds 

 in the roots of Ononis spinosa, Laihvrus pyatcnsis, 

 and AnthyUis vidncravia. 



S. masariformis, Ochs. Fore wings with 

 black margins and a yellow spot at the base. 

 Costa tipped with white. The round transparent 

 space is expanded beyond the middle, with 

 yellow nervures. Front golden-^-ellow, with black 

 scales in the middle. Antenna; black, dusted 

 with golden-yellow on the outer side. Abdomen 

 with round yellow spots on the back of the 

 third and fifth segments, and yellow hinder 

 margin ; segments 4 to 7 orange in tlie middle 

 and at the sides. Anal tuft yellow. The moth 

 is found throughout Southern Europe. 



S. empiformis, Esp. Fore wings broadly- 

 purplish black on the margins and median 

 nervure, lightly dusted with yellow, and with 

 broad hind margins. There is a long trian- 

 gular transparent area extending from the 

 median nervure to the base, a round one beyond 

 this, and a row of smaller ones on the hind 

 margin. Hind wings transparent, with purplish 

 black marginal hue and nervures. Head blue- 

 black, with the tip and inner part mixed with 

 golden-yellow. Collar black above, yellow 

 beneath. I^ack with three yellow longitudinal 

 lines. Abdomen blue-black, with yellow scales 

 in the middle line, the second, fourth, and 

 sixth segments with a broad yellow or white 

 ring on the upper side above, yellow beneath. 

 Anal tuft black on the upper side, with a 

 yellow longitudinal stripe on each side; and 



in the male a similar stripe in the middle, 

 beneath. Legs black, thickly clothed with 

 yellow hair. Tibiae j'ellow, the hind pair broad 

 towards the base and steel-blue near the ex- 

 tremit}-. It inhabits Central Europe, but not 

 Britain, and is found on Artemesia and other 

 flowers on hot forenoons in June and July. 

 The larva feeds in the roots of cypress spurge, 

 and is easy to rear in Spring. 



S. astatiformis, Herr-Schaft". is distin- 

 guished from the last species by the slender, 

 uniformly thick abdomen, which is dusted 

 with yellow, and the usual absence of the 

 longitudinal line in the male. It inhabits 

 Bavaria, Austria, and other parts of Southern 

 Europe. The larva feeds in the roots of 

 Euphorbia. 



S. triannuliformis, Freyer, an East Eu- 

 ropean species, resembles the last, but the 

 antennae are not suffused with yellow. The 

 front orbits and the front coxas are white. 

 The abdomen has a row of yellow spots on 

 the upper surface, and is not dusted with 

 yellow. The larva feeds in the root of Rnmex 

 acefoiti'ur. 



S. muscaeformis, View. The Thrift Clear- 

 wing. Opaque portions of the fore wings dark 

 brown, dusted with white, with the transparent 

 spaces narrower than usual. Nervures and 

 the broad marginal line of the hind wings 

 black or brown. Head blue-black, with scat- 

 tered orange hairs, and two white spots behind 

 the eyes. Antennas blue-black, palpi and 

 collar white. Thorax with three white longi- 

 tudinal stripes. Abdomen with a white spot 

 on the middle of each segment, and the hind 

 margm of the second, fourth, and sixth segments 

 white. Anal tuft brown, with two white streaks 

 at the sides. TibifE with two white bands. The 

 moth is widely distributed in Central Europe, 

 but is local on the coasts of the British Isles. 

 It is on the wing from June to August, and 

 on the Continent frequents especially sunny 

 jieaths and sandy places, flying about Calluna, 

 but in Britain it is only found in rocky places 

 on the coast. It feeds in the root of thrift, 

 and is full-grown in Sjjring. 



S. afiinis, Stand, is similar to the last 

 species. Tlie antennae are blue-black. In tiie 

 female only the fourth and sixth abdominal 

 segments are margined with white ; in the 



