46 



BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



yellow costa, narrowing towards the apex of 

 the fore wings. The antennas are dark grey; 

 the head and thorax yellow. The abdomen 

 is ashy grey, darker in the female, and tipped 

 with yellow. It is widely ilistributed in Central 

 Europe, but is rare in Britain. It appears in 

 July, and frequents pine-woods. The larva 

 is dark brown on the sides, and yellow on 

 the back, with black spots. It feeds on lichens 

 growing on fir trees. The cocoon is greyish 

 brown. 



L. lurideola, Zinck. The Common Foot- 

 man. Fore wings dark leaden grey — with a 

 yellow costal streak, narrow towards the apex, 

 with yellow fringes ; the hind wings are pale 

 yellow. The moth is common and widely 

 distributed in Central and Southern Europe, 

 and may be met with in most country lanes 

 'in June and July. The larva is black, with 

 an interrupted reddish yellow row of spots 

 above the legs, and short tufts of hair. It 

 feeds on lichens growing on poplars, oaks, and 

 other trees. 



L. camplana, Linn. The Scarce Footman. 

 PI. XVII. fig. I. Fore wings leaden grey, 

 v-ith a silky lustre, and a yellow costal margin 

 of equal breadth to the extreme tip of the 

 wing, and yellow fringes. The hind wings are 

 pale yellow, with a greyish costa in the female. 

 The antennae are ashy grey, with a yellow 

 base, and the abdomen is yellow. It is com- 

 mon and widely distributed in woods tlirough- 

 out Europe, but is rarer in Britain than L. 

 lurideola. The larva is black, with two rows 

 of rotmd orange dorsal spots, and short tufts 

 of hiir. It feeds on lichens growing on firs, 

 blackthorn, etc. The pupa has a brownish 

 cocoon. 



L. unita, Hiibn. is ochre-yellow. Fore 

 wings very narrow, with a dark yellow costa 

 and hind margin. Hind wings unicolorous, or 

 with only the costa greyish. The antennae 

 are yellow above and gre3ish below. The 

 thorax is ochre-yellow and the abdomen grey- 

 ish yellow. It is found in woods in June and 

 July, chiefly in Southern and Eastern Europe. 

 The larva is brownish grey, with three black 

 dorsal and two white lateral interrupted lines, 

 a black line above the legs, a yellow transverse 

 spot behind, and white spots on each segment, 

 beginning on the fourth. It feeds on lichens. 



L. lutarella, Linn. \\'ings pale yellow, 

 the hind wings greyish brown on the costal 

 half. Antennae blackish, yellow at the base; 

 head blackish in front. The remaining parts 

 are yellow. It frequents woods from June to 

 August, and is common throughout Central 

 and Southern Europe. The larva is dark blue, 

 with black spots, and a yellow lateral line, 

 bordered by a white one. It feeds on various 

 lichens. The cocoon is brownish. Var. pyg- 

 maeola, Doubl. The Pigmy Footman, the 

 English form, is paler. 



L. sororcula, Hufn. The Orange Footman. 

 Fore wings deep orange-colour, with the costa 

 curved; hind wings paler. The abdomen 

 and legs are grey, and the abdominal tuft 

 yellow. It is common in woods in Central 

 and South-Eastern Europe in May and June. 

 The caterpillar is black, with white spots and 

 two lemon -yellow interrupted dorsal lines, 

 dotted with red. It feeds on lichens growing 

 on trees. 



Genus Gnophria, Steph. 



Shape of the wings as in Liihosia. The fore 

 wings with an appendicular cell, from which 

 rise nervures 6, and 7 to 10; nervures 8 and 

 g rise from a common stalk ; and 1 1 runs from 

 the discoidal cell to the costa. 



G. quadra, Linn. The Large Footman. 

 Female PI. X\TI. fig. 2. Larva 2a. Fore 

 wings greyish yellow in the male, orange at 

 the base, greenish towards the costa ; ochre- 

 yellow in the female, with two black spots. 

 The hind wings are pale yellowish in both 

 sexes. This is the largest of the Lithosiidic. 

 It is common in woods throughout Europe in 

 July, and in some j-ears appears in unusual 

 numbers. The larva feeds on lichens growing 

 on trees, and may be found in fissures of the 

 bark in the daytime. The pupa is shinmg 

 black, short and stout, and is enclosed in a 

 thin egg-shaped cocoon. 



G. rubricollis, Linn. The Red-necked 

 Footman. All the wings are black, the collar 

 orange-red, and the abdomen yellow at the 

 tip and beneath. It appears from May to 

 Jul)-, and is common throughout Europe, in- 

 cluding Britain. The larva is greenish grey, 

 with red and white dots, and black longitudinal 

 dorsal lines. It feeds on lichens and Jiinger- 



