so 



BRITISH AXD EUROPE AX BCTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



of large black submarginal spots, and one near 

 the centre. The head and thorax are brown, 

 with a black spot in the middle of the collar, 

 and three black longitudinal stripes. The ab- 

 domen is dark grey in the male, red at the 

 base and tip ; and in the female it is black, 

 with a large red space in the middle suffused 

 with black. It is found from June to August 

 in the Alps and in Eastern Europe. The 

 larva is velvety black, with a reddish dorsal 

 line, oblique lateral brownish streaks, and 

 bluish warts. It is covered with dark grey 

 hair, reddish yellow above the legs. It lives 

 in May on Galium aparine and other plants. 

 The pupa is dark brown, with a blue bloom. 

 It is enclosed in a slight cocoon, and is placed 

 under stones. 



A. casta, Esp. Fore wings dark brown, 

 , with two white or reddish bands. Hind wings 

 white or pale rose-colour in the male, with 

 a brown submarginal band nearlv interrupted 

 in the middle, and often a faint median band. 

 In the female they are red, with two brown 

 spots on the hind margin, and another in the 

 middle of the costa. The antennae are dark 

 coloured. The head, thorax, and abdomen are 

 dark brown, with the exception of a few lateral 

 red spots on the front of the abdomen in the 

 female. The moth appears in April and May, 

 and is found chiefly in the South-Central 

 parts of Europe. The larva is blackish, with 

 a lighter dorsal line and velvety black square 

 spots on both sides of each segment. It feeds 

 on low plants, especially Asperida. The pupa 

 is reddish brown, with a short bifid tail. 



A. quenselii, Payk. Fore wings black, with 

 a network of whitish nervures and sulphur- 

 j-ellow transverse lines. Hind wings yellow, 

 with a black central spot, and black spots on 

 the hind margins. Head and thorax black, 

 with a white collar. Tegulae edged internally 

 with white, and with white transverse lines. 

 Abdomen black, with two white Igngitudinal 

 stripes. It flies by day, and appears in July. 

 It is an Alpine species, occurring in Switzer- 

 land and the Tyrol at an elevation of 5000 feet 

 or more. The caterpillar is velvety black, and 

 lives on low plants in June and July. 



Genus Spilosoma, Steph. 

 Fore wings with twelve nervures. Nervures 



8 and 10 rise from 7, and 9 from S. Hind 

 wings with eight nervures, of which 3 and 4 

 rise separately, and 6 and 7 from a point. 

 The wings are white, yellow, or greyish brown; 

 the fore wings with small black spots, the 

 hind wings usually unspotted. The antennaj 

 are bipectinated in the males, and serrated in 

 the females. Palpi with long hairs. The head 

 and thorax are covered with raised hair. The 

 abdomen has five rows of black spots. The legs 

 are thickly clothed with woolly hair, and the 

 tibiae have two pairs of spurs. 



S. fuliginosa, Linn. The Ruby Tiger 

 Moth. PI. XVH. fig. 12 is widely distributed 

 and common throughout the greater part of 

 Europe, appearing in April and August. The 

 caterpillar is light or dark grey, or black, with 

 dark grey or brown tufts. It feeds on low 

 plants in the Autumn and Spring, hibernating 

 when full grown, and passing into the chrysalis 

 in the Spring. The cocoon is oval and of a 

 brown colour, and may be found on walls, 

 fences, etc. 



S. luctifera, Esp. All the wings are black, 

 the liintl wings with an orange-yellow spot 

 at the anal angle. The abdomen is orange, 

 and the antennae and thorax black. The moth 

 is common in South Europe in May and July. 

 The caterpillar is black, with a lighter dorsal 

 line. It feeds on low plants in May. 



S. mendica, Linn. The Muslin Moth. 

 Wings ashy grey in the male, the fore wings 

 with a few black dots on the inner margin 

 and in front of the middle. The hind wings 

 not dotted, or with a few dots at the costa 

 and in the middle. The wings of the female 

 are white, with black dots. The antennae are 

 black, and bipectinated in both sexes, but 

 most strongly in the male. The head and 

 thorax are white in the female, and the abdomen 

 is white, with five rows of longitudinal black 

 spots. In the male the abdomen is uniform ash}' 

 grey. The moth is common throughout Europe 

 in May and June. The larva is brownish 

 green, with a slender lighter dorsal line, and 

 light reddish brown or grev hair. It li\es on 

 such plants as nettle, mint, dandelion, etc. 

 The pupa is shiny reddish brown with de- 

 pressed spots, and is enclosed in a brownish 

 cocoon. 



S. lubricipeda, Fabr. The lUiff Ermine. 



