BRITISH AXD A'L'JiOP£A.V BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



57 



sixteen dentations. The female is reddish 

 brown, with dark squares on the back, and a 

 silvery grey anal tuft. It appears at the end 

 of June, and is common in woods in the greater 

 part of Europe. The case is covered with 

 long fine grass-stems. The cases are found 

 in the Spring on fences, tree-trunks, etc. 



F. betulina, Zell. The antennas in the 

 male with eighteen dentations. It is distin- 

 guished from nitiddla by its darker, longer, and 

 more pointed fore wings. The female is reddish 

 brown, with a \vhite anal tuft. The case is 

 covered with small pieces of lichen, bits of 

 hark, and leaves, and is very distinctive. The 

 moth is often seen sitting on lichens growing 

 on birch-trunks, etc. It is widely distributed in 

 Central Europe. 



F. sepium, Spey. is very like the last 

 species, but the fore wings are narrower and 

 more pointed, bright yellowish grey, with an 

 indistinct central spot. It is widely distributed 

 in the pine woods of Central Europe, and 

 has been found in England. The case is 

 thickh' covered with bits of lichen, and is 

 found on old lichen-covered firs. 



F. roboricolella, Bruand. The Oak Chim- 

 ney Sweep is brownish black, with rounded 

 wings. The abdomen of the female is white 

 and woolly. The caterpillar feeds on lichens. 

 It inhabits Western Europe. 



F. salicicolella, Bruand. The Willow 

 Chimney Sweep, also found in Western Europe, 

 is a very similar species, which feeds on lichen- 

 covered willows. 



fa:mily 

 L I P A R I D JE. 



^Middle-sized or small moths with strong 

 wings. Fore wings with twelve nervures. Ner- 

 vures 7 to lo generally rise from a common stalk 

 or from an appendicular cell. The hind wings 

 with a frenulum and eight nervures. Nervure 

 5 rises much nearer to 4 than 6, and nervure 

 S is free at the base. In some genera, as in 

 Orgyia, the females are wingless. In others, 

 as in Penthophora, they have rudimentary wings. 

 The head is small, with large round eyes, but 

 no ocelli. The antennae are bipectinated or 

 serrated. The proboscis is ill-developed or 

 absent. The legs are short, and the femora 



hairy. The caterpillars, which have sixteen 

 legs, have either hairy warts or soft hair. 

 The chrysalids are thick and hairy, and are en- 

 closed in a cocoon. 



Genus Penthophora, Germ. 



Fore wings with twelve nervures, without an 

 appendicular cell. Nervure 7 rises from the 

 anterior angle of the discoidal cell; 8 and 9 

 from a common stalk; and 10 and 11 from 

 the subcostal nervure. Hind wings with eight 

 nervures. Nervures 6 and 7 rise from a common 

 stalk, and 8 from the subcostal nervure. In 

 the female, nervures 6 and 7 of the fore wings 

 are wanting, and the wings are rudimentary. 

 The body of the male is slender, that of the 

 female stout. The antennae are bipectinated. 



P. morio, Linn. The wings are thinly scaled, 

 black, without markings, and with brownisli 

 fringes. The head, thorax, and abdomen are 

 covered with black wool. The female has 

 small brownish grey rudimentary wings, and 

 a thick abdomen with greyish white wool 

 at the end. It is widely distributed in South- 

 Eastern Europe. The larva is black, with 

 a yellow lateral stripe, and orange tubercles, 

 with brown hair. It hibernates and feeds 

 on grasses, etc., in the Spring. The pupa is 

 yellow, with black longitudinal lines, dark 

 brown wing-cases, and whitish tufts. It is en- 

 closed in a light cocoon. 



Genus Orgyia, Ochs. 



Fore wings broad with an appendicular 

 cell, from which rise nervures 7 to 10; 8 and 

 9 rise from a common stalk. Hind wings with 

 eight nervures. These are the smallest moths 

 of the family. The females are incapable of 

 flight, having only short rudiments of wings 

 and a stout woolly abdomen. They are double- 

 brooded. The larvse have tufts on segments 

 5 to 8, and a longer tuft on segments 2 and 

 12. The females lay their eggs on the cocoon. 



O. gonostigma, Fabr. The Scarce Vapourer 

 Moth. PL XVHI. fig. 7. The female has 

 short rudiments of wings, and is covered with 

 fine ashy grey hair. The moth is common 

 in woods in most parts of Europe, but is rare 

 in England. The larva is black, striped with 

 reddish yellow, with warts covered with white 

 and yellow hair. On the head are two blackish 



