BRITISH AXD EVROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



out Europe in May and again in July and 

 August. Tlie larva lives on young willows, 

 poplars, and birch in June and again in August 

 and September. The pupa is reddish brown, 

 with two projecting points at the end. It is 

 enclosed between leaves on the ground. 



N. tritophus, W. V. The Three-humped 

 Prominent. Pi. XXII. fig. 6. is found in 

 Central Europe in May, June, and August, but 

 is usually rather scarce. The caterpillar is 

 green, with a red dorsal stripe from the second 

 to the fourth segment, a red pointed elevation 

 on the next five segments, and a pyramidal 

 protuberance on the last segment. The head 

 is i-ed. It lives in July and September on 

 poplar. The pupa is barrel-shaped, shining 

 dark lirown, with two points at the end. It 

 is formed on the ground, enclosed between 

 leaves and moss. 



N. trepida, Fabr. Tlie Great Prominent. 

 Fore wings thinly scaled, greyish brown, with 

 two rust-coloured transverse lines, edged with 

 3ellow on the outer side, and some similar 

 spots in front of the hind margin. The trans- 

 verse lines are irregularly dentated, and the 

 subterminal line is reduced to some rusty 

 brown spots. The central lunule is small and 

 edged with yellow on the inner side. The 

 hind wings are yellowish white, brownish on 

 the costa, with two whitish transverse lines. 

 The antennae are rust-coloured, and simply 

 dentated in the female. The head and thorax 

 are brownish grey, and the tegulae are bordered 

 with black. The moth is found in Central 

 and Southern Europe, and is not uncommon 

 in oak-woods on the Continent, though rare 

 in Britain. The caterpillar is smooth, without 

 prominences, yellowish green with two white 

 dorsal lines, and red oblique streaks on the 

 sides, edged with yellow. It feeds in Jul}' and 

 August on oak. The chrysalis is black, with 

 the incisions lighter, and is enclosed in a 

 cocoon at the roots of the trees upon which 

 the larva feeds. 



N. torva, Ochs. The Dark Prominent. Fore 

 wings dark grey, dusted with yellow, with two 

 dark zigzag transverse lines, bordered behind 

 with yellow, and a very small central lunule, set 

 in a light patch, towards the apex. In the po- 

 sition of the subterminal line are a few dark 

 dots, and on the inner marjiin a broad blackish 



tooth. The fringes are yellowish, with dark 

 nervures. The hind wings are ashy grey, with a 

 paler transverse line beyond the middle, a dark 

 anal angle, and whitish fringes. The antennas 

 are brownish yellow. The head and thorax are 

 yellowish grey, and the abdomen ashy grey. It 

 is common in Central Europe, except the North- 

 West, where it is a great rarity, in May and 

 August. The caterpillar is reddish brown, with 

 three dorsal humps, and a black stripe reaching 

 from the head to the hump on the seventh seg- 

 ment. It bears a close resemblance to the 

 larva of ziczac. It feeds on aspen from June to 

 September. The chr^'salis is reddish brown, 

 with two terminal points, and is formed be- 

 tween leaves on the ground. 



N. dromedarius, Linn. The Iron Promi- 

 nent. Fore wings dark grey, varied with rusty 

 red and yellow, yellowish white at the base, 

 with zigzag reddish brown transverse lines 

 bordered with pale yellow, and a pale rusty 

 red central eye-spot. At the base there is a 

 reddish brown longitudinal stripe, running to 

 the anterior transverse line. The scaly pro- 

 jection is dark, and is boimded by a black 

 line, light on the inner side. The hind wings 

 are dark ashy grey, lighter in the centre, with 

 a dark anal angle. The antennse are yellowish 

 brown. The moth appears in May and August 

 in Central Europe. The larva is yellowish 

 green, with a red line on the back of seg- 

 ments 2 to 4, and an interrupted one on both 

 sides, a red hump on each of the four succeed- 

 ing segments, and a pjaamidal one on the 

 last segment but one. It lives in July and 

 September on birch, alder, and hazel. The 

 pupa is barrel-shaped, shining dark brown, 

 with two points at the extremity. It is formed 

 in an excavation in the ground. 



N. chaonia, W.. V. The Lunar Marbled 

 Brown. The fore wings are brownish grey, 

 with a white transverse line at the base, and 

 two similar ones, edged with black, across the 

 middle. There is a black central lunule on a 

 lighter ground, and an indistinct white sub- 

 terminal line. The fringes are chequered with 

 darker and lighter. The hind wings are pale 

 grey, darker towards the hind margins. The an- 

 tennse are rusty yellow, and the thorax grey. 

 It is found in oak-woods in Central Europe, 

 appearmg in April and IMay, but is not common. 



