BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



C. electa, Borkh. PI. XXVIII. fig. 4. is 

 found in South-Central and Eastern Europe. 

 The larva is ashy grey varied with light or 

 dark brown, with orange-coloured hairy warts, 

 a broad rounded hump on the ninth segment, 

 and two small points on the eleventh and 

 twelfth. It lives in May and June on willow, 

 sallow and poplar. The pupa is like those 

 of the allied species. 



C. paranympha, Linn. PI. XXVIII. fig. 

 5. is a scarce species found in most parts of 

 Central Europe, except England, Holland and 

 Belgium. The larva is brown shading into 

 grey or black, with rust-coloured hairy warts 

 and more or less distinct small whitish and 

 yellow spots, as well as a long fleshy hook on 

 the ninth and raised points on the fifth, twelfth 

 a!nd thirteenth segments. It lives in May and 

 June on white-thorn and sloe, especially on 

 old plants and also on plum-trees. 



C. conversa, Esp. Fore wings ashy grey 

 varied with brownish, with an almost uniformly 

 zigzag posterior transverse stripe. The variety 

 agamos, Hiibn. is darker. It is found in 

 some parts of Southern Europe. The larva 

 is blackish with two yellow dorso-lateral spots 

 on segments 4 and 5 as well as large greyish 

 yellow spots on segments 8 to 11. It lives 

 on sloe. 



Genus Toxocampa, Guen. 



Antennae moderately long; setiform, ciliated 

 in the males. Thorax slightly arched, with 

 smooth hair. Palpi raised on the head, promi- 

 nent, thickly covered with smooth scales, with 

 a short, obtuse terminal joint. Abdomen with 

 smooth scales, slender in the males, somewhat 

 stouter in the females, obtuse at the end with 

 erect hair on the sides. Legs with smooth 

 scales; tibiae without bristles; anal fold broad 

 and obtuse, deeply hollowed in the middle, 

 with the upper ridge membranous. Wings 

 broad with slender nervures and entire margins, 

 the fore wings with rectangular apices and 

 convex hind margins, the hind wings rounded. 

 Larvae smooth and slender, with sixteen legs 

 and a geometer-like gait. They feed on vetches 

 and conceal themselves at the foot of the 

 plants during the day. They pupate among 

 fallen leaves in a slight cocoon and produce 

 the moth in about a month. Some are double- 



brooded. The moths conceal themselves in 

 bushes and on the ground during the day, 

 and hold the wings flat, and somewhat over- 

 lapping. 



T. lusoria, Linn. Fore wings somewhat 

 pointed at the tips, dusty grey with dark trans- 

 verse streaks. The two transverse lines are 

 distinctly darker; in the place of the orbicular 

 stigma there is a dark brown dot, and in that 

 of the reniform a nail-like dark brown spot. 

 The submarginal line is yellowish, broadly 

 shaded with darker towards the base, especially 

 in front, and forming a dentation in the middle 

 towards the hind margin. In front of the 

 fringes there is a row of brown dots. The 

 hind wings are yellowish grey, darker towards 

 the hind margins. It is the largest species 

 of the genus, and is found in South-Eastern 

 Europe in July and August. The larva is 

 narrow in front, yellowish, dotted with black, 

 with two blackish dorsal lines, an interrupted 

 reddish yellow one between, another directly 

 below it and finally one below the spiracles. 

 It feeds on Asiragalus and vetches in Ma}' 

 and June. 



T. pastinum, Treit. The Black Neck 

 Moth closely resembles the last species, from 

 which it is distinguished as follows: It is 

 smaller with violet-grey fore wings, and is 

 smoother with fine transverse streaks. Behind 

 the reniform stigma are one or two small black 

 dots. The marginal line is finely zigzag and 

 either as darkly suffused towards the base as 

 in lusoria or faint towards the base. The hind 

 wmgs are brownish grey with a fainter and 

 lighter curved line. It is common in May 

 and again in Jul}' and August in Central 

 Europe. The larva is slaty grey dotted antl 

 streaked with black, with two white dorsal 

 lines, black externally, edged with yellow and 

 with a yellow line enclosing the spiracles. It 

 feeds on vetches, especially Vicia sepium and 

 Coronilla varia from June till Autumn. 



T. viciae, Hiibn. Fore wings brownish 

 grey with a reddish tinge, with the transverse 

 lines and central shade visible across the 

 whole breadth of the wings. The reniform 

 stigma is in parts edged with black. The sub- 

 marginal line is sharply defined on both sides 

 and is darker towards the base. The hind 

 wings are yellowish grey, with fringes of the 



