176 



BRITJSH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



visible; near the first is the submarginal line. 

 There is a small black lunule on all the wings, 

 similar spots on the marginal line, between 

 the nervures, and fine yellow fringes. It is 

 found throughout Europe in old hedges, in 

 houses, etc., in June and July, but is very 

 rare in England, where it is chiefly met with 

 in London. The larva is bluish black with 

 several rows of red warts and long black curved 

 hairs tipped with white. It lives in May and 

 June on lichens growing on walls, moss growing 

 on roofs, in rotten wood and on fungi. 



Genus Helia, Guen. 



Palpi sickle-shaped, curved upwards and, 

 like the legs, covered with smooth scales. An- 

 tennae thick in the male and shortly pecti- 

 nated, setiform in the female. Fore wings 

 with rectangular obtuse, and arcuate hind 

 margins, and all the A''oc^/m-markings. Hind 

 wings rounded. Larvae with fourteen legs, 

 and punctiform warts bearing a few hairs. 

 They pass through their transformations in the 

 ground. The moths sit on tree-trunks with 

 their wings flat. The only species is: — 



H. calvaria, \V. V. Fore wings dark 

 ashy grey with zigzag transverse lines, a yellow 

 reniform stigma and a smaller spot beside it. 

 Hind wings yellowish grey with a fine sinu- 

 ated curved line. It is common in South- 

 Central and Southern Europe in July and 

 August, and remains on the trunks of trees 

 during the day. The lar\a is rusty brown 

 with black dots, and feeds on low plants in 

 May and June. 



Genus Zanclognatha, Led. 



Palpi sickle-shaped, rising far above the 

 head, with the terminal joint pointed. Antennae 

 with cilia in the males. In tnrsiplumalis and 

 iarsicn'stalis there is a ridge-like thickening 

 in the middle. In the females they are seti- 

 form. The legs are thinly covered with smooth 

 scales ; the first pair with a long expanded 

 tuft in the males in several species. Fore 

 wings moderately broad with rectangular, 

 somewhat prominent tips and slightly sinuated 

 hjnd margins. Hind wings rather concave on 

 the hind margins, and paler than the fore 

 wings. The moths fly in Summer in dark, 

 shady places, and sit with their wings flat. 



The larvae have sixteen legs, and are narrower 

 in front and behind. They live on the ground 

 hidden under leaves, and form a slight cocoon 

 for the pupae. 



Z. tarsiplumalis, Hubn. Fore w-ings 

 reddish brown with fine curved transverse 

 lines, a dark crescentic central spot and dark 

 brown hind margins. Hind wings greyish 

 brown with a fine curved line. It is scarce 

 and local in Central Europe, except Britain 

 and France, in July. The larva is reddish 

 yellow, with a reddish brown median dorsal 

 line and fine longitudinal and transverse lines 

 and black punctiform warts. It feeds on low 

 plants in Autumn. 



Z. tarsicristalis, Hiibn. closely resembles 

 the last species, but has the transverse lines 

 much more acutely zigzag and only a hollow- 

 stigma instead of the central lunule. It is a 

 rare species, found in the Balkan Peninsula 

 and perhaps in Germany. It appears in June. 



Z. nemoralis, Fabr. The Small Fan-foot. 

 Fore wings greyish yellow with three dark 

 transverse lines, of which the first is straight, 

 the middle one interrupted and the third runs 

 into the tip of the wings. Hind wings whitish 

 grey. It is common in Central and Eastern 

 Europe in May and June. The larva is dark 

 grey and feeds, after hibernation, till May on 

 Crysosplenium. 



Z. tarsipennalis, Treit. The Fan-foot. 

 Fore wings yellowish grey with fine blackish 

 transverse lines and a sharp line from the 

 apex along the hind margin. Hind wings 

 yellowish with a fine black marginal line. It 

 is common in grassy places in Central Europe 

 from July to the end of August. The larva, 

 which is blackish, feeds on grass. 



Z. tarsicrinalis, Knoch. Fore wings yel- 

 lowish grey, with the hind margin as far as 

 the central area grey with a sinuated curved 

 line, submarginal line and rusty central band. 

 Hind wings yellowish grey with a fine sub- 

 marginal line. It is common in woods in 

 Central Europe, except Britain. The larva is 

 reddish yellow, with a sinuated greenish grey 

 line and black triangles on the back and four 

 white dots. It lives till ^lay on bramble, 

 raspberrv and Clematis. 



Z. emortualis, \V. \'. The Olive Crescent. 

 Fore wings olive-brown, almost green, with 



