BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



countrj-. The caterpillar is yellowish green, 

 darker on the sides, with a bluish dorsal 

 stripe and three white longitudinal lines on 

 each side. It lives on maple, birch, and sallow 

 in June. The chrysalis is dark brown, with 

 blackish wing-cases and a terminal point. It 

 is formed in the ground. 



Genus Cnethocampa, Steph. 



Middle-sized moths. Fore wings with twelve 

 nervures, nervure 8 rising from 7, g and 10 

 in succession from S. No appendicular cell. 

 Hind wings with eight nervures. The wings 

 are thinly scaled, with straight hind margins 

 and long chequered fringes. The fore wings 

 have two dark transverse lines, between which 

 is a dark central lunule, and have also a lighter 

 subterminal line. The inner margin has no 

 scaly projection. The hind wings are small 

 and without markings. The head is small. 

 There are no ocelli. The antenna are short, 

 bipectinated, with small serrations in the 

 female, the first joint being provided with a 

 long hairy tuft. The thorax is stout and 

 woolly. The abdomen is thick and long in 

 the female, with dense woolly hair, thickest 

 at the extremity. The hind tibias have only 

 small terminal spurs. The larvae are finely 

 pubescent, and live gregariously in a large web, 

 from which they wander in procession from 

 branch to branch, stripping them bare, and 

 then returning to their nest. The hairs of 

 the larvae produce on the human skin intense 

 itching and frequently considerable inflam- 

 mation, more severe than that produced by any 

 other European larvae. 



C. processionea, Linn. Fore wings ashy 

 grey, clouded with dark grey, paler towards 

 the base, with three dark transverse lines, a 

 dark central dot, and a light subterminal line 

 in front of the hind margin, edged with darker 

 on the inner side. The hind wings are lighter, 

 with a darker transverse band. The front 

 has no horny prominence. The moth appears 

 in July and August locally in Central and 

 Southern Europe. The caterpillar is dark 

 brownish grey, with lighter sides. It has red- 

 dish brown transverse spots on the back of 

 the fifth and succeeding segments, eight on 

 the thoracic segments, and on the remaining 

 segments four grey hairy warts. The larvae 



are full-grown in June. They feed at night, 

 wandering in procession with one at the head, 

 followed by twos or threes, from the nest 

 to tlie branches. They pupate in the com- 

 mon web. 



C. pityocampa, W. V. Fore wings light 

 grey, clouded with greyish brown, with three 

 dark greyish, almost black, transverse lines, 

 the outermost of which is deeply dentated 

 on nervures 3 and 4. There is a dark central 

 lunule and a light subterminal line in front 

 of the hind margin, edged with darker on its 

 inner side. The fringes are brown, chequered 

 with white. The hind wings are whitish. 

 The head and thorax are greyish brown. On 

 the front is a black horny prominence, with 

 four transverse lines on its anterior surface. 

 The abdomen is brown, with black rings on 

 the sutures, and a black anal tuft in the female. 

 The moth appears in July and August, and 

 is found in Southern and South-Central Europe. 

 The larva is blue-black above, whitish beneath, 

 with a brownish yellow transverse stripe on 

 each segment, and light grey tufts of hair on 

 each side. It is found in large webs on fir 

 trees in July and August. The pupae are 

 hidden under stones. 



C. pinivora, Treit. Fore wings dark grey, 

 with three dark transverse lines, which are 

 placed more closely together towards the inner 

 margin. The outermost transverse line is less 

 deeply dentated on nervures 4 and 5 than in 

 pityocampa. The central lunule is dark and 

 angular. The subterminal stripe in front of 

 the hind margin is light, with a dark inner 

 border. The hind wings are somewhat lighter. 

 The fringes are dark grey, with the nervures 

 white. The head and thorax are also dark 

 grey. The front has a horny prominence. It 

 appears in May and June in North Germany. 

 The larva is bluish green, speckled with 

 light brown, with a broad, dark, longi- 

 tudinal stripe on the back, eight small warts 

 on the thoracic segments, and an oval black 

 transverse spot on the remaining segments, 

 in which stand numerous small brownish red 

 warts covered with golden-yellow hair. On 

 tlie sides are longitudinal rows of similar warts. 

 The larvae live gregariously in nests on pines 

 in July and August. The pupa hibernates in 

 a little barrel-shaped cocoon in the ground. 



