76 



BRITISH AXD F.CROPEAN DUTTERFLIKS AXD MOTHS. 



Genus Phalera, Hi'ibn. 



Fore wings long, with twelve nervures and 

 an appendicular cell, from which rises nervure 

 6, from its apex 7 and 8, and from 8, g and 10. 

 The inner margin is without a scaly projection. 

 At the tip is a large yellow spot. The an- 

 tennae are moniliform, finely bipectinated in 

 the males and shortly ciliated in the females. 

 The thorax is stout and thickly covered with 

 depressed hairs. The hind tibiae have two 

 pairs of spines. 



P. bucephala, Linn. The Buff-Tip. PL 

 XXII. fig. ID. Larva loa. is common through- 

 out Europe from May to July. The cater- 

 pillar when young lives gregariously on almost 

 every kind of tree, and may be found till late 

 in the Autumn. The chrysalis is dark brown, 

 with a terminal point. It is subterranean. 



P. bucephaloides, Ochs. closely resembles 

 the last species, but has more pointed fore 

 wings, nearly uniformly silvery grey, with a 

 large yellow central spot having a brown nu- 

 cleus, and a large yellow spot near the tip en- 

 closing cell 3. There are no side spots on 

 the abdomen. It is found in May and June 

 in South-Central Europe. The larva is very 

 like that of bucephala, but more variable in 

 colour and markings. It is generally ashy 

 grey, with darker longitudinal stripes and small 

 yellow warts. It feeds on oak in Autumn. 



Genus Pygsera, Ochs. 



Fore wings with twelve nervures, but no 

 accessory cell. Nervures 8 and 9 rise from a 

 common stalk with 10. The inner margin has 

 no scaly projection. On the hind wings, 

 nervure 5 is very slender, and is almost obli- 

 terated. The antennae are short and bipecti- 

 nated in both sexes. The abdomen is stout 

 and densely clothed with depressed hair. The 

 thorax has a longitudinal crest of hair directed 

 backwards between the tegulse behind. Hind 

 tibiae wuth two pairs of spines. The larvas 

 have soft hair, long hairy warts on the sides, 

 and hairy excrescences on the fifth and twelfth 

 segments. They are double-brooded, living 

 in May and June and again from July into 

 the Autunui between leaves ot willows and 

 poplars which they have spun together. Tlie 

 pupae are subterranean. 



P. anastomosis, Linn. Fore wings \iolet- 

 grey, varied with cinnamon-brown. The 

 marginal area is dark, with three transverse 

 lines, between the second of which and the 

 inner angle is a darker wedge-shaped spot 

 composed of indistinct rings and double dark 

 spots and rows of dots in the position of the 

 subterminal line. The iiind wings are reddish 

 grey. It is found in May and June and in 

 August in Central and Northern Europe, ex- 

 cept the North-West, and is rarer than tlie 

 other species. The caterpillar is brown, black 

 on the back, with white and yellow dots, two 

 \ellow lateral lines, interrupted by small red 

 hairy warts, and with black hairy excrescences, 

 spotted w^ith white on the fifth and last seg- 

 ments. It lives on willow and poplar in July 

 and from September till Spring. The chrysahs 

 is brownish black, with two orange dorsal stripes. 

 It is enclosed between leaves spun together. 



P. curtula, Linn. The Chocolate-Tip. 

 The wings are ashy grey, the fore wings 

 suffused with reddish, with an interrupted 

 blackish subterminal line, and four whitish 

 transverse lines bordered with brown, the last 

 of which bounds a rusty brown spot, which 

 passes beyond the middle to the apex of the 

 wings. The thorax and abdomen are reddish 

 grey, the latter with a reddish brown spot. 

 The abdomen has an anal tuft. The moth is 

 common in May and July in the greater part 

 of Europe. The larva is thinly hairy, brownish 

 grey, yellowish green, or flesh-coloured, with 

 blackish sides, yellow warts along the back, 

 and a velvety black elevation on the fifth and 

 last segments. It lives on poplar and willow 

 in June and late in Autumn, among leaves 

 which it spins together. The chrysalis is dark 

 brown, rounded at the anal extremity. 



P. anachoreta, W. V. The Scarce Choco- 

 late-Tip. PI. XXIII. fig. I. is on the wing 

 in the same months as the last species, and 

 is conunon in most parts of Europe, though 

 the only British locality is Folkestone. The 

 larva is greyish green or flesh-coloured, with 

 rose-coloured warts, blackish longitudinal lines, 

 and black and yellow spots on the side of the 

 back, as well as a wart-like elevation, dotted 

 with white, on the fifth and last segments. It 

 lives till late in the Autumn between the leaves 

 of poplar and willow. 



