BRITISH AND EUROPEAX BUTTERFLIES AKD MOTHS. 



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nallv. There is a unicolorous spotless central 

 area, a paler marginal area, a blackish in- 

 complete marginal line, a black streak at the 

 apex, and greyish yellow fringes. Hind wings 

 yellowish white, sometimes banded with grey in 

 the marginal and central areas. The head is 

 grej% with a rusty crest. The antennas are 

 grey; the thorax and abdomen yellowish gre}', 

 the latter with a blackish tuft on the second 

 segment. It appears in August and September 

 in Central Europe. The caterpillar is pale grey, 

 with a darker dorsal line and nearly black 

 spiracles. It feeds on oak and birch in May 

 and June. The chrysalis is enclosed in a slight 

 cocoon between leaves. 



A. flavicornis, Linn. The Yellow-Horned 

 Moth. Fore wings ashy grej^ with a whitish, 

 sometimes pale red, costa. Front and hinder 

 transverse lines double , dark brown , the 

 former strongly cur\'ed towards the base in 

 front. The two stigmata are white, greenish, 

 or yellowish white, finely edged with black. 

 The orbicular stigma is the largest. The sub- 

 marginal line is also brown, and terminates 

 as a brown streak in the tip. The marginal line 

 is dark brown, and the fringes grey, chequered 

 with lighter. The hind wings are ashy grey 

 towards the base, passing into yellowish white, 

 with white fringes. The head, thorax, and 

 abdomen are brownish grey, with long hair. 

 The antennae are rusty brown and setiform. 

 The moth is usually found sitting on the 

 trunks of birch trees, and occurs in Central 

 and Northern Europe as early as March or 

 the beginning of April. The larva is smooth, 

 yellowish, with two dorsal rows of white spots, 

 surrounded with black, a white line above the 

 legs, and orange spiracles. It lives on birch, 

 poplar, and oak in June. The pupa is enclosed 

 between leaves or moss. 



A. ridens, Fabr. The Frosted Green. 

 Fore wings greenish grey, with a black longi- 

 tudinal streak at the base, and a black anterior 

 and a more or less distinct posterior transverse 

 line. On both sides of the transverse lines 

 there are black streaks on the nervures, and 

 paler zigzag markings. The stigmata are 

 more or less distinct, and are surrounded with 

 black. There is a black streak at the apex, 

 and a black dentated marginal line. The fringes 

 are greenish, lighter in the anterior half. 



and intersected with blackish nervures. The 

 hind wings are whitish, with brown nervures, 

 and a brown marginal band. The antennae 

 are brownish yellow, serrated in the male. 

 The head and thorax are greenish brown, with 

 the front and the insertion of the tegulag white. 

 The abdomen is grej-, and the legs are ringed 

 with black. The moth is common in oak- 

 woods in Central and Southern Europe. In 

 England it is widely distributed, but is not 

 common anywhere. The larva is greenish 

 yellow, with four black longitudinal lines, a 

 transverse row of white dots on each segment 

 except the second, and white streaks on the 

 front of the head. It lives on oak trees in 

 June. It has cannibalistic propensities. The 

 pupa is shining light brown, with a slender 

 terminal spine, and is subterranean. 



N O C T U yE. 



These are mostly middle-sized moths, with 

 the fore wings stouter than the hind wings, 

 and covering them when at rest. The hind 

 wings have a frenulum and two free submedian 

 nervures. The antennas are setiform and usually 

 finelv ciliated, and are frequently pectinated in 

 the males, but never in the females. There 

 are distinct ocelli, generally a horny proboscis, 

 but no maxillary palpi, and a stout body. The 

 pattern of the fore wings is somewhat as fol- 

 lows: — There is a "half line" near the base, 

 which fails to reach the inner margin. Two 

 complete transverse lines, which ma\- be single 

 or double, run across the wings. There is a sub- 

 marginal line in front of the hind margin, and 

 between this and the hinder transverse line 

 is a suffused band. In the discoidal cell is the 

 orbicular stigma, and on the transverse nervure 

 the reniform stigma, often with a dark space 

 between them called the central shade. Cn 

 the anterior transverse line, in the discoidal 

 cell, is the claviform stigma. The fore wings 

 have twelve nervures, rarely only eleven, with 

 a submedian nervure, which is forked at the 

 base. Nervure 2 rises from the middle of the 

 median nervure below the discoidal cell ; 3, 4, 

 and 5 from or near its inner angle, 6 from 

 its anterior angle, 7 to 10 from the appen- 

 dicular cell, 8 and 9 from a common stalk, 

 from the appendicular cell, or from 7, and ii 



