BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



'79 



eleven nervurcs. Nervures 8 and 9 rise, one 

 behind the other, from 7, one is not forked at 

 the base, and there is no appendicular cell. 

 The hind wings are rather long, somewhat 

 obtuse behind, and reach to the extremity of 

 the body. Nervure 5 is slender. Proboscis 

 spiral. Palpi covered by the long bristly hair 

 of the head. Body also covered with bristly 

 hair. Antennae pectinated or serrated in the 

 males, setiform in the females. Hind tarsi 

 very short and thick; the spurs on the legs 

 also very short. The moths fly in the day- 

 time in early Spring, especially in birch 

 woods. The larvje feed on trees. The pupae 

 are slender and form a compact cocoon on 

 the ground. 



Genus Brephos, Ochs. 

 B. parthenias, Linn. The Orange Under- 

 wint'. PI. XXIX. fig. I. is common in woods, 

 in Central and Northern Europe, especially in 

 birch woods. It appears in March and April 

 and may be seen flying in the sunshine. It 

 also frequents flowering willows. The larva 

 is green with three dark dorsal lines, finely 

 edged with yellow and a yellow lateral stripe. 

 It feeds in May and June between the leaves 

 of the birch, which it spins together. 



B. nothum, Hiibn. The Light Orange 

 Underwing. Fore wings more blackish grey 

 with the transverse line, central shade and 

 reniform stigma darker and more or less in- 

 distinct. There is a light spot on the posterior 

 transverse line, towards the hind margin, near 

 the costa. There are small indistinct light 

 spots on the tips of the fringes. The hind 

 wings are dark brown with an f-shaped, irre- 

 gular orange band in front of the hind margins 

 and an oval spot of the same colour on the 

 costa. The antennae are pectinated in the 

 male. It is less common than the last species, 

 but is widely distributed in Central Europe. 

 In its time of appearance and the locahties it 

 frequents it agrees with the last species. The 

 larva is bluish green with black dots which 

 sometimes form a lateral line. They live 

 between the leaves of aspen and willow. 



B. puella, Esp. closely resembles the 

 last species. The markings of the hind wings 

 are the same and their colour is yellowish 

 clay or whitish. The fore wings are longer and 

 narrower and the fringes are not chequered. 



It is found in South-Central Europe in Spring. 

 The larva is violet or rosy red with white 

 longitudinal lines and similar incisions and 

 dots on the middle segments below the dorsal 

 line. It feeds on aspen in May and June. 



GEOMETRID^. 



Their appearance distinguishes the Gco- 

 mdvidcB from all other moths. They have a 

 slender body, delicate wings, thin and rather 

 long legs, and generally no proboscis. The 

 antennae are setiform and the wings undivided, 

 the fore wings with one and the hind wings 

 with, at most, two free inner marginal nervures 

 and a frenulum. They have no oceUi. They 

 usually rest with the wings spread out flat. 

 In some genera the females have rudimentary 

 wings and some are wingless. Most species 

 fly by night. The larvae have a peculiar gait 

 owing to the absence of the front prolegs. 

 When resting they generally hold on by the 

 claspers with the body raised in the air 

 resembling a twig. 



Genus Pseudoterpna, Herr.-Schaff. 



Middle-sized moths of a pale green or grey 

 colour. Fore wings expanded, with two dark 

 transverse lines and a light submarginal line. 

 Hind wings with only a submarginal line. An- 

 tennae with clubbed pectinations in the male, 

 and serrated at the tip, setiform in the female. 

 Palpi short, raised, with the terminal joint 

 spherical. Hind legs with two pairs of short 

 spurs. 



P. pruinata, Hufn. The Grass Emerald. 

 Fore wings bluish green, pulverulent, with two 

 darker transverse lines, a central lunule, and 

 a white submarginal hne. Hind wings whitish at 

 the base and towards the hind margins, dusted 

 with green, with a white submarginal hne, 

 and a faint posterior transverse line. Abdomen 

 white. It is widely distributed in Central 

 and Southern Europe in June and July. The 

 larva is green with a light lateral stripe. It 

 lives in May on Cytisus nigricans, Genista and 

 Sanothamnus. The pupa is yellowish grey and 

 has a thin cocoon. 



Genus Geometra, Boisd. 

 Larger moths of a beautiful green colour. 

 The wings have sinuated hind margins. The 



