i8o 



BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BVITERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



fore wings with sliarp apices, a double trans- 

 verse line and a submarginal line ; the hind 

 wings with a posterior transverse line and a 

 submarginal line. Nervures 3 and 4 rise from 

 a point, 7 and 8 are separate but rise close 

 together. The antennae have short, clubbed 

 pectinations in the males. Palpi horizontal, 

 with an oval terminal joint. Proboscis stout. 

 G. papilionaria, Linn. The Large Emerald 

 Moth. PI. XXIX. fig. 2. is widely distri- 

 buted in Central and Northern Europe in July 

 and August, and is fairly common in some 

 localities, especially in birch plantations. The 

 larva is green with a yellow lateral line and 

 a conical hump on segments 3, 6, and 9. It 

 hibernates and lives on birch, hazel, etc., till 

 it is full-grown, in May and June. The pupa 

 is pale brownish above, yellowish green 

 beneath, and has a slight, white cocoon. 



G. vernaria, Hiibn. The Small Emerald 

 Moth. Fore wings light apple-green with white 

 transverse lines, the anterior strongly curved, 

 and the posterior nearly straight. Hind wings 

 with only a posterior transverse line. Fringes 

 white with brown nervures. It is found through- 

 out Europe in May and June. The larva is 

 light green with a dark green dorsal line and 

 white lateral lines. It lives in July and August 

 on CUmath, sloe, oak, etc. The pupa is light 

 green and has a slight cocoon. 



Genus Phorodesma, Boisd. 



Middle-sized moths of a green colour. 

 Wings with straight hind margins; fore wings 

 with rather sharp apices, the hind wings 

 rounded. Markings as in the last genus but 

 without the posterior transverse lines. Antennas 

 with long, thin pectinations. Palpi with a 

 straight, projecting terminal joint. The larvae 

 form cases for themselves out of pieces of the 

 food pJiiHt Vv-hich they carry about. 



P. pustulata, Hufn. The Blotched Emerald. 

 Wings bright green above with brownish 

 white spots at the hinder angles and on the 

 nervures and with brown fringes. The fore 

 wings with a white costa and two fine white 

 zigzag transverse lines. Hind wings with a 

 brownish white spot at the apex as well as 

 at the hinder angle, and a faint anterior trans- 

 verse line. It is found in oak woods in Central 

 Europe, but is rarely abundant. The larva is 



brown with white tubercles and forms a case 

 of pieces of the leaves and buds of the oak. 



P. smaragdaria, Fabr. The Essex Emerald. 

 PI. XXIX. fig. 3. is found in Southern and 

 Central Europe in June and July. In England 

 it is confined to the coast of Essex. The 

 larva is brown with a dark dorsal line, bounded 

 by a row of dots on each side. It feeds on 

 yarrow (Achillea niillcfolimn) in May and June, 

 and forms a case of portions of the plant. 



Genus Nemoria, Hiibn. 



Middle-sized moths of a green colour. Fore 

 wings with rather sharp apices and two white 

 transverse lines, but no submarginal line. 

 Nervures 3 and 4, and 6 and 7 are stalked. 

 The hind wings form an angle at nervure 4. 

 Hind legs with only terminal spurs in the 

 males but with middle spurs as well in the 

 females. Antennae ciliated in the males, pecti- 

 nated in pulmcntaria. Palpi horizontal. 



N. viridata, Linn. The Small Grass 

 Emerald. Upper side dull apple-green. Fore 

 wings with two white, somewhat faint, sinuated 

 transverse lines, hind wings with only a pos- 

 terior transverse line. Fringes white. Thorax 

 greenish. Abdomen white. It is common 

 throughout the greater part of Europe in May 

 and June. The larva, which is green with 

 brownish red and white markings, lives in 

 August on hazel, oak, bramble, birch and heath. 



N. porrinata, Zell. closely resembles the 

 last species. The fore wings have two distinct 

 white transverse lines. It is local in France, 

 Germany and Switzerland in May and again 

 in August. The larva is flesh-coloured with 

 a dark median line. It feeds on whitethorn 

 and hazel in June and September. 



N. pulmentaria, Guen. is apple-green 

 with white transverse lines. Fore wings with 

 two zigzag transverse lines; hind wings with 

 only a posterior transverse line. Fringes 

 whitish green. Abdomen white. Antenna pecti- 

 nated, brownish yellow. It is found in Southern 

 Europe and has several broods. The larva 

 is green with a reddish longitudinal line on 

 the back. 



N. strigata, Muell. The Common Emerald 

 Moth is dark bluish green above. Fore wings 

 with two white zigzag transverse lines and a 

 dark green central lunule. Hind wings with 



