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BRITISH AXD EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AXE MOTHS. 



in the males with long pectinations, gradually 

 shortening towards the end, in the female 

 simply setiform. Hind tibise with two pairs 

 of long spurs. 



N. pulveraria, Linn. The Barred Umber 

 is reddish brown, sprinkled with darker. Fore 

 wings with a dark central band, bordered by 

 transverse lines and irregularly produced to- 

 wards the hind margins. Near the anal angle 

 of the hind wings is the indistinct continuation 

 of the posterior transverse line. The pecti- 

 nations of the male antennae are clubbed. It 

 is double-brooded from May to August, and 

 is common in Central and Northern Europe. 

 The larva is slender, brown with a dark trans- 

 verse line, a double slightly sinuated lateral 

 line, with brown spiracles between, an obtuse 

 elevation on the last segment and several small 

 dark brown warts behind it. The head is 

 heart-shaped. It feeds in Summer on willow 

 and sallow. The pupa is brownish red with 

 a sharp terminal spine. 



N. capreolaria, \V. V. is pale yellowish 

 brown, heavily sprinkled with dark brown, with 

 two dark transverse lines on the fore wings 

 edged with lighter on the outer side, the outer 

 being more strongly zigzag; the band-like dark 

 space between with a central dot and a dark 

 oblique streak from the apex. Hind wings 

 with an indistinct posterior transverse line be- 

 hind which the ground colour is also darkened 

 by the dusting of the wings. It is found 

 singly in South-Central and some parts of 

 Southern Europe in June and July. The larva 

 is yellowish brown, with two blackish longi- 

 tudinal lines, a pale yellow lateral line and a 

 grey heart-shaped head margined with black. 

 It lives in Summer on the red fir. The pupa 

 has a loose cocoon among the needles of the 

 tree. 



Genus Ellopia, Steph. 



Rather large moths with the wings shaped 

 a? in Cahcra. Fore wings with twelve nervures. 

 Nervure 2 proceeds from the middle of the 

 inner margin, 3 rises in front of, 4 from the 

 lower, 6 from the upper angle of the discoidal 

 cell; 7 is at a distance from 6, 8 rises from 

 7, 9 from 8, 10 from 11, and 11 and 12 together. 

 In the hind wings nervure la is behind the 

 middle of the inner margin, ib runs out to 



the anal angle, 3 and 4, 6 and 7 are divided, 

 5 is wanting and 8 is free from the base. 

 Palpi short, somewhat erect. Proboscis spiral. 

 Antennae with long thin pectinations in the 

 males, setiform in the females. Larvae with 

 twelve legs, and two pairs of prolegs. They 

 live on pines. 



B. prosapiaria, Linn. The Barrel Red 

 is dirty green or fleshy red with an unequal 

 broad central band on the fore wings, bordered 

 on both sides with lighter, and a somewhat 

 faint transverse line on the hind wings, bordered 

 with lighter. It is common in fir woods in 

 most parts of Europe in May and again in 

 the Summer. The larva is 3'ellowish with 

 reddish-brown plates larger behind and with 

 elongated lateral spots. It lives on pines and 

 firs in June. The pupa is reddish brown and 

 is loosely spun to the needles. 



Genus Metrocampa, Latr, 



Large moths with sharply pointed fore 

 wings, angularly projecting at nervure 4, 

 sharper in the females than in the males. 

 Hind wings with the hind margins somewhat 

 dentated. The antennae are shortly pectinated 

 in the males. The larvas have twelve legs. 



M. margaritaria, Linn. The Light Emerald 

 Moth is pale bluish green with two (on the 

 hind wings one) straight dark transverse lines 

 margined with white on the outer sides. It 

 is double brooded in April and Ma}- and in 

 July. It is widely distributed in Central and 

 Southern Europe, but is not abundant. The 

 larva is dark green varied with brown with 

 whitish and blackish spots and streaks. It 

 lives in June and in Autumn, on oak, birch, 

 beech and hornbeam. The pupa is reddish 

 brown and has a slight cocoon on the ground. 



M. honoraria, W. V. is reddish grey, 

 slightly dusted with darker, with two (on the 

 hind wings one) rusty brown transverse lines, 

 edged wdth white on the outer side, and 

 bounding a dark central area. In this there 

 is a central dot and there is a smaller one on 

 the hind wings. The hind margins of all the 

 wings are somewhat zigzag. It is found in 

 South-Central and Southern Europe in May 

 and July but is scarce. The larva is grey 

 above, bluish beneath, with short hairs on 

 the sides. It lives on oak. The pupa is 



