BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



193 



reddish brown with black incisions, a double 

 terminal point, and small hooklets. It has 

 a fine cocoon between leaves. 



Genus Eugonia, Hubn. 



Large stout moths with pale or ochre-yellow 

 fore wings, deeply dentated at nervure 4 and 

 with pointed tips. Nervures 3 and 4 are close 

 together, 6 and 7 rise by a short stem from 

 the upper angle of the discoidal cell, 8 from 

 7, 9 from 8, 10 near the stem of 6 and 7, and 

 II close to 10 and 12. The transverse nervure 

 of the hind wings is notched on the inner 

 side; nervures 3 and 4 are wide apart, 6 and 

 7 rise from a point, 5 is slender and 8 is free 

 from the base. Palpi projecting vertically 

 with their pointed end above the frontal tuft. 

 Antennas with long pectinations in the males 

 reaching as far as the extremity, serrated in 

 the females. Thorax and femora covered with 

 thick woolly hair. They sit on trees with the 

 wings erect. 



E. quercinaria, Hufn. The August Thorn 

 is orange -yellow or straw-coloured, slightly 

 sprinkled with darker. Fore wings with two 

 distinct dark transverse lines, the anterior of 

 which is angularly interrupted at the costa, 

 and the posterior is straight, and suffused with 

 darker towards the hind margin. Hind wings 

 with a distinct posterior transverse line, and an 

 anterior, often transparent one close to it. 

 Fringes dark on the nervures, white between. 

 There is a dark central dot on the under side 

 of all the wings. Body orange or straw- 

 coloured. It is common in Central and Southern 

 Europe from July to September, especially in 

 beech woods. The larva is slender, reddish 

 brown, with blackish pointed elevations, a 

 row of black spots on the back and a dark 

 brown anal plate. It lives in Summer on various 

 trees, especially lime, beech, oak and horn- 

 beam. The pupa is greenish and has a slight 

 cocoon between leaves. 



E. autumnaria, Werneb. The Large 

 Thorn. PI. XXIX. fig. 8. is found in woods 

 in Central and Northern Europe in August 

 and September. It has occasionally been taken 

 on the South Coast of England. The larva 

 is brownish grey with three elevations on the 

 back and four points on the last segment. On 

 the segment behind the head there is a row 



of white dots and on the remaining ones an 

 ochre-yellow lateral line, partially broken up 

 into spots. It feeds in June and July on a 

 number of trees. The pupa is slender, greenish 

 with a blue bloom. It has a fine cocoon 

 between leaves. 



E. alniaria, Linn. The Canary-shouldered 

 Thorn is pale ochre -yellow, sprinkled with 

 brown, especially in the marginal area. Fore 

 wings with two sharp, dark, slightly curved 

 transverse lines converging on the inner mar- 

 gin and with an elongated central spot between 

 them towards the costa. On the hind wings 

 the transverse line is slightly indicated and 

 there is a central lunule. The head and 

 thorax are lighter yellow than the wings. It 

 is common in woods in Central Europe in 

 July and August. The larva is wrinkled with 

 humps on the back as far as the tenth seg- 

 ment, two conical points on the twelfth segment 

 and similar ones on the anal plate. It feeds 

 on lime, beech and other trees in June. The 

 pupa is dark brown with humps and spines 

 on the back and a small conical terminal point. 

 It has a slight cocoon between leaves. 



E. fuscantaria, How. The Dusky Thorn 

 is dull ochre-yellow, speckled with lead-colour 

 towards the hind margins. Fore wings with 

 two dark brown oblique transverse lines, con- 

 verging on the inner margin, and an indistinct 

 central spot between them. The hind wings 

 are almost without markings. It is found in 

 August and September in North-Western 

 Europe and Silesia, but is rare. The larva is 

 without humps, green or yellowish green with 

 a paler lateral line edged with blackish, a 

 reddish-brown band on segments 3, 6 and g, 

 and two spots of the same colour on the ter- 

 minal segment. It feeds on ash and privet 

 in June. 



E. erosaria, W. V. The September Thorn 

 is straw-colour, with hardly any sprinkling. 

 Fore wings with sharp dark transverse hues, 

 somewhat thicker at the costa. Hind wings 

 with a very indistinct transverse line. Fringes 

 broadly dark on the nervures, white between. 

 Under-side with a central dot on all the wings 

 and more heavily dusted with reddish on the 

 hind wings but only at the apex on the fore 

 wings. The variety tiliaria, Hiibn. is lighter. 

 The moth is common in woods in Central and 



