BRITISH AXD ECROPKAN BUTTERFLIES AXD MOTHS. 



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ma\- be found sitting on trees or palings. The 

 larva is light green with fine white lateral 

 lines and incisions and a dorsal spot edged 

 with dark green on the fifth and succeeding 

 segments. It lives in Summer on sloe, fruit- 

 trees, etc. The pupa is reddish brown and 

 forms an earthy cocoon. 



H. bajaria, W. V. is ashy grey merging 

 into yellowish, heavily dusted with darker. 

 Fore wings with three transverse lines, a light 

 submarginal line, a dark curved marginal line 

 and waved hind margins. The markings are 

 somewhat indistinct. Hind wings lighter with 

 a dark central line. The rudimentary wings 

 of the female are very short, reddish gre}^, 

 without hair-like fringes. It is common in 

 South-Central Europe in October and Novem- 

 ber. The larva is light or dark grey, with 

 scattered black warts. The first three segments 

 are thickest with a double blackish dorsal line, 

 the three next have each a rhomboid whitish 

 dorsal spot, edged with black. Segments 5 

 and 9 have a black spot on the side, and 12 

 a wart-like elevation. It lives in Spring and 

 throughout the Summer on fruit-trees. The 

 pupa is reddish brown, short and thick, with 

 a contracted head and forked anal extremity, 

 and forms an earthy cocoon. 



H. leucophaearia, W. V. The Spring 

 Usher is very variable in colour. It is usu- 

 ally whitish grey, often varied with yellowish 

 and clouded with brown. Fore wings with 

 two sharply defined dark transverse lines, finely 

 bordered with lighter on the outer side, the 

 posterior of which forms two curves towards 

 the hind margin and is shaded with darker. 

 There is a central shade between the lines, 

 usually merging into the posterior on the inner 

 margin of the wings, a light-spotted submarginal 

 line, a dark marginal line expanded into spots 

 between the nervures, and fringes banded with 

 darker. Hind wings dirty white, heavily dusted, 

 with a more or less distinct double transverse 

 line and a dark central dot. The marginal line 

 and fringes are as on the fore wings but 

 lighter. The rudimentary wings of the female 

 are very short and narrow with long hair-like 

 fringes at the tip, varied with brown and 

 white; the head and thorax are similar. Hind 

 tibiae somewhat expanded. It is common, 

 sitting on trees in woods in Central and some 



parts of Southern Europe, and appears in 

 February and March. The variety marmori- 

 naria, Esp. has a broad black band on the 

 fore wings. The larva is yellowish green 

 marbled with whitish, with a paje yellow sub- 

 dorsal line. It feeds on oak in May and June. 



H. aurantiaria, Esp. The Scarce Umber 

 is golden yellow, slightly dusted with darker, 

 with three rusty red transverse lines, the two 

 anterior of which are very close together and 

 parallel, and the third somewhat convex. 

 There is a rusty red central dot, a few similar 

 spots in the situation of the submarginal 

 line and a fine darkly dotted marginal line 

 between the nervures. Hind wings pale yellow 

 with the two posterior transverse lines, which 

 may here and there be wanting, a central 

 dot and a dotted marginal line. The rudi- 

 mentary wings of the female are scarcely a 

 quarter of the length of the body. They are 

 rusty brown or blackish, with long hair-like 

 fringes and a dark transverse line on all of 

 them. It is common in Central Europe in 

 October and November. The larva is reddish 

 brown, varied with darker, with two yellow 

 dots on the back of each segment, largest on 

 the three segments behind the head, and on 

 the last but one, upon which there are also 

 two fleshy spines and two black transverse 

 lines. It lives on oak, beech, birch, etc. The 

 pupa is short, brown, and expanded in front 

 and forms an earthy cocoon. 



H. marginaria, Borkh. The Dotted Border. 

 Fore wings dull yellow, heavily dusted with 

 reddish, with two dark transverse lines through 

 the middle, the posterior shaded with reddish 

 towards the hind margin, and forming an ob- 

 tuse dentation anteriorly. There is a central 

 dot, an indication of a submarginal line, and 

 between the nervures a dark-spotted mar- 

 ginal line. Hind wings dirty white, heavily 

 dusted, especially towards the hind margin, 

 with a central dot, an indistinct central line, 

 a dark marginal line between the nervures 

 and somewhat dark fringes. The rudimentary 

 wings of the female are more than half the 

 length of the body; the fore wings have pointed 

 tips and two dark transverse bands, and there 

 is a similar band on the hind wings, which 

 are longer. It is common in Central Europe 

 in early Spring. The larva is dull yellow with 



