BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



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of tlie wings and is finely divided by an almost 

 straight transverse nervure. Nervures 3 and 

 4 of the fore wings are separate, 6 and 7 rise 

 in a point from the anterior margin of the 

 discoidal cell, 5 is midway between 4 and 6; 

 8 rises from 7, g and 10 from 8, 11 from the 

 middle of the anterior margin of the discoidal 

 cell, close to the stem of 7 and 8 and 

 touching 12. Nervure la of the hind wings 

 ends behind the middle of the inner margin, 

 lb at some distance from it, in the anal angle; 



3 and 4, 6 and 7 are separate; 5 is more 

 slender than the rest, and is midway between 



4 and 6; 8 rises from the base and rests at 

 first on the front margin of the discoidal cell. 

 The female has setiform antennte, which are 

 as long as the body, has smooth scales and 

 2b. prominent ovipositor and short projections 

 for wings. The only species is: — 



P. pedaria, Fabr. The Pale Brindled 

 Beauty. PI. XXX. fig. i. which is common 

 in Central Europe in early Spring. The larva 

 is brown, with angular warts commencing on 

 the fourth segment, a double dark dorsal line, 

 black dots merging into yellow beside it and 

 dark oblique streaks on the sides. It lives in 

 Summer on oak, birch, whitethorn, sloe and 

 fruit-trees. The pupa is subterranean. 



Genus Biston, Leach. 



Rather large Bomhyx-XxVe moths with tri- 

 angular fore wings, and with the hind wings 

 longer than they are broad, and with rounded 

 angles; body with woolly hair; thorax not 

 crested. Palpi short ; proboscis composed of 

 two soft short threads. Antennae with long, 

 thickly ciliated pectinations ; legs short, thickly 

 pubescent. Hind tibiae only with short ter- 

 minal spurs. Females with or without wings, 

 a pointed body and projecting ovipositor. 

 Nervures very strong. The discoidal cell is 

 finely divided, long and narrow. Nervures 3 

 and 4 of the fore wings are separate in hispi- 

 darius, rising from a point in the other species; 

 6 and 7 are close together; 8 rises from 7, 9 

 from 8, II from 10, and 10 and 12 side by 

 side but converging. Nervure la of the hind 

 wings ends behind the middle of the inner 

 margin, ib in the anal angle; between ib and 

 2 is a fold ; 3 and 4 are separate in hispidarius 

 and pomonanus or rise from a point; 6 and 7 



rise from a point in pomonarius, in the others 

 they are stalked ; 5 is slender, midway between 

 4 and 6 ; 8 rises from the base and lies at first 

 on the anterior border of the discoidal cell. 

 The moths slope their wings when at rest. 



B. hispidarius, W. V. The Small Brindled 

 Beauty is brownish grey, heavily dusted, with 

 two sharply defined dark transverse lines and 

 a submarginal line with indistinct crescents 

 between the nervures. The fringes are spotted 

 with brown on the nervures. The hind wings, 

 which are small compared with the body, are 

 lighter with a brown central line, and often 

 two lines and a brown spot at the anal angle. 

 The marginal line and fringes are spotted 

 with brown. The body is brownish grey, the 

 antennae tawny. The female is wingless, rusty 

 brown with raised hair on the antennae and 

 tibiae. It may be seen in the first warm days 

 in Spring sitting on the stems of trees. It 

 is local in Central Europe. The larva is brown- 

 ish grey with delicate orange markings and a 

 few warts of the same colour. It feeds on oak 

 and lime. 



B. pomonarius, Hiibn. is whitish grey, 

 transparent on the borders, with black ner- 

 vures suffused with rusty yellow. The fore 

 wings have two dark, curved, zigzag transverse 

 lines, the posterior of which is broadly bordered 

 with lighter towards the hind margin. The 

 submarginal line forms an angular hook with 

 the point directed outwards. The marginal 

 line is sharp and dark, and so are the fringes 

 on the nervures. Hind wings paler with darker 

 nervures, and an indistinct central and sub- 

 marginal line. The marginal line and the 

 fringes are as on the fore wings. The head 

 and thorax are whitish grey and the abdomen 

 black with tawny hair. The antennae are 

 brown. The female is wingless, black varied 

 with white, with two black longitudinal lines 

 on the middle of the abdomen. Like the last 

 species it is found in early Spring on the 

 trunks of trees. It is local in Northern and 

 Central Europe, except the North West. The 

 larva is whitish grey with brown spines and 

 prickles placed on orange spots, and with the 

 segment behind the head bordered with orange. 

 It lives till Autumn on beech, oak, hazel and 

 various fruit-trees. The pupa, which is dark 

 brown and conical, is subterranean. 



