BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



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position of the submarginal line. The marginal 

 line and fringes are as on the fore wings. The 

 abdomen has a small black dorsal spot at the 

 end of each segment, interrupted with lighter. 

 The head and thorax are reddish brown. It 

 is common throughout the greater part of 

 Europe in July and September, especially in 

 gardens and parks. The larva varies in colour 

 from green to grey or brown, with a dorsal 

 row of red spots and an interrupted red lateral 

 line. The cervical plate is shining black, and 

 the legs reddish. It feeds between the leaves 

 of fruit-trees, etc. The pupa is enclosed between 

 leaves of the food plant woven together. 



L. testata, Linn. The Chevron. Fore 

 wings yellow varied with reddish, with two 

 dark irregular transverse lines near the dark 

 base, bordered on the outer side with lighter, 

 and two similar ones edged in the middle 

 with white, on the sides remote from one 

 another, deeply notched on the outer side and 

 enclosing the broad central area, which is inter- 

 sected by three simple parallel dark lines. 

 There is a dark central spot and fine white- 

 edged crescent-shaped spots on the anterior 

 half of the hind margin, a scarcely darker 

 marginal line and white or reddish fringes, 

 banded through the middle with darker. Hind 

 wings with a yellowish or reddish white semi- 

 transparent central spot, darker on the outer 

 side, with two dull dark transverse lines, the 

 posterior of which is edged with lighter on 

 the outer side. The marginal line and fringes 

 are as on the fore wings. It is common in 

 Central and Northern Europe from July to 

 September. The larva is slender, brownish 

 with a dark dorsal and white lateral line above 

 the black spiracles. It feeds on willow and 

 poplar in May and June. The pupa is greyish 

 brown, with distinctly ribbed wing-cases and 

 a brown longitudinal line on the back. It 

 has a slight cocoon between the leaves of the 

 food plant. 



L. populata, Linn. The Northern Spinach 

 Moth. Fore wings lemon -yellow, suffused 

 with brownish. Through the middle of the 

 basal area passes a dark brown band or two 

 transverse lines. The central area is brown, 

 and has two dentations on the outer side. It 

 has a blackish central spot. The submarginal 

 Une is formed of brown triangular spots in 



front and externally, and of con^'ex crescents 

 further back, all being edged with lighter on 

 the outer side. The yellow tips of the wings 

 are divided by a brown line ; the marginal 

 area is faint and brown towards the hinder 

 angle. The marginal line is dark and inter- 

 rupted. The fringes are indistinctly spotted 

 with darker, and are lightest at the base. 

 Hind wings pale yellow with two or three 

 faint, dark, zigzag transverse lines and a trans- 

 parent central dot. It is not uncommon in 

 woods in Central and Northern Europe in July. 

 The larva is pale green with a brownish-red 

 dorsal line angularly expanded into spots on 

 each segment. It feeds on bilberry in April 

 and May. The pupa has a slight cocoon 

 between leaves or on the ground. 



L. associata, Borkh. The Spinach Moth. 

 Fore wings golden-yellow, with the boundaries 

 of the basal and central areas brown and a 

 brown line dividing the apices. The marginal 

 line is fine, dark and uninterrupted, and the 

 fringes are spotted on the ends of the ner- 

 vures. The hind wings are straw-coloured 

 with a fine submarginal line, darker towards 

 the hind margins. It is common in Central 

 Europe in June. The larva is green with a 

 pale lateral line, and feeds on currant in April 

 and May. 



Genus Cidaria, Treit. 



This is a large genus of middle-sized or 

 small slender moths with fine nervures. The 

 wings are very broad externally, with convex 

 margins and the apex of the fore wings is 

 usually slightly pointed and the hinder angle 

 strongly rounded. In some species [fliiviata, 

 ohliterata, luteata and candidata) the hind wings 

 are slightly angular on nervure 4, with entire 

 margins and fringes. Palpi with depressed 

 scales, more or less projecting. Hind tibiae 

 with two pairs of spurs. Fore wings with a 

 divided appendicular cell except in ohliterata, 

 luteata, and hicolorata. Nervures 3 and 4 are 

 separate, 6 rises from the inner, 11 from the 

 anterior border, 7 and 8 from a point at the 

 tip of the appendicular cell, 9 and 10 rise 

 successively from 8; in ohliterata also from 11; 

 in luteata and candidata 7, 8 and 11 rise from 

 a point. The hind wings have slender ner- 

 vures arranged somewhat differently in different 



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