230 



BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 



common in gardens throughout Europe in the 

 Summer. The larva is green, grey or brown 

 in front, with dark longitudinal lines, dots 

 and crosses in the middle, and a row of spots 

 behind. It feeds on various plants. The pupa 

 is shining dark brown with a fine cocoon. 



C. montanata, W. V. The Silver Ground 

 Carpet is white with several rusty-red trans- 

 verse lines near the base. The central band 

 is formed of similar transverse lines, projecting 

 on the outer side at nervures 4 and 6, usually 

 constricted towards the inner margin, and 

 spotted with white in the middle at the costa. 

 It contains a deep black central spot, usually 

 edged with white. Behind it is a white band 

 bordered with dark double interrupted trans- 

 verse lines. The tips of the wings have an 

 indistinct line dividing them, and a faint sub- 

 marginal line, suffused with darker as far as 

 the hind margin and filled up with darker 

 in cells 4 and 5. The fringes are banded, 

 with darker wedge-shaped spots on the ner- 

 vures. Hind wings with a central spot and 

 three dark transverse lines, most distinct on 

 the inner margin, forming a continuation of 

 the central band of the fore wings. There is 

 a double posterior transverse line and an outer 

 shade extending to the submarginal line, as 

 on the fore wings. The submarginal line and 

 fringes are as above. The abdomen has two 

 black dots side by side on the back of each 

 segment. It is common throughout Europe 

 in June and July. The larva is pale flesh- 

 colour with a few greyish-brown dorsal and 

 a white lateral line above the legs, and on the 

 back of segment 4 and those following, three 

 rows of black dots. It feeds on primrose and 

 other low plants and hibernates. The pupa is 

 shining brown and is subterranean. 



C. quadrifasciaria, Clerck. The Large 

 Twin-spot Carpet. Fore wings rusty brown 

 varied with grey, especially in the central area. 

 There is a black central spot in the central 

 band, which is slightly notched on the inner 

 side and has a rectangular projection on the 

 outer side in cell 3. On its inner side is a 

 dark divided transverse band, bounded on the 

 inner side by a white one similarly divided. 

 The whitish curved submarginal line is bounded 

 by dark spots on the inner side in cells 4 and 

 5, and sometimes on the outer side in cell 6. 



Towards the hind margin it has a few dark 

 transverse streaks, running towards the dark 

 marginal line, which is only interrupted on the 

 nervures. The fringes are spotted with darker 

 on the nervures and darkly banded before the 

 middle. The hind wings are greyish brown 

 with lighter nervures and faint markings be- 

 tween the central spot and the hind margins. 

 The thora.x is brown varied with grey, and 

 the abdomen has the segments bordered behind 

 with lighter. It is found in Central and 

 Southern Europe in May, June and July, and 

 again in September. The larva is more slender 

 in front, light brown, whitish on the belly, 

 dotted with black, especially in the middle, 

 with an indistinct black transverse line inter- 

 rupted several times in the middle, and two 

 black dorsal lines on segments 2 to 5. It feeds 

 on low plants. The pupa is enclosed in a 

 slight cocoon. 



C. ferrugata, Clerck. The Red Twin-spot 

 Carpet is very variable in colour. The fore 

 wings are brown and rusty red with two grey 

 or rusty yellow divided bands, bordering the 

 broad central band, which has one dentation on 

 the outer side, a grey marginal area more or 

 less suffused with rusty yellow, and a brown 

 spot on the costa. The submarginal line is 

 generally distinct and spotted with darker in 

 cells 4 and 5. The marginal line is interrupted 

 with darker on and between the nervures, and 

 the fringes are darker on the nervures, and 

 are banded. The hind wings show the same 

 markings as the fore wings, beyond the central 

 band, but less distinctly. They are reddish 

 ashy grey with numerous dark transverse lines 

 and often a central spot. The head and thorax 

 are like the ground colour of the fore wings, 

 and the abdomen is grey with a row of black 

 dots or dashes on the back. It is common 

 througliout Europe from May to July. The 

 larva, like the moth, varies considerably. It 

 is usually brownish grey with lighter dorsal 

 spots, and a brown or rusty yellow lateral 

 line. It feeds on chickweed, and other low 

 plants. The pupa is reddish brown and forms 

 a fine cocoon in the ground. 



C. unidentaria. Haw. The Dark-barred 

 Twin-spot Carpet. The fore wings are ochre- 

 ous grey with the base dark reddish grey and 

 witli a blackish central band. The hind wings 



