BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AND MUTIIS. 



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may be single; the posterior is dentated and 

 far removed from the hind margin. The 

 marginal area is somewhat spotted with darlcer 

 on the interrupted submarginal line. The 

 marginal line is thick, and the fringes are 

 darkly spotted on the nervures in their inner 

 half. The hind wings are paler, with a distinct 

 posterior transverse band. It is common in 

 pine woods in most parts of Europe in April, 

 May and June. The larva is pale olive-brown 

 with a dark dorsal stripe. It feeds on juniper 

 and pine. 



E. abietaria, Goeze. Fore wings greyish- 

 white, with the basal area near the anterior 

 double band and the marginal area, between 

 the posterior and submarginal lines, which is 

 displaced far towards the hind margin, rusty 

 red. The space beyond is somewhat darker 

 grey. The large black central lunule touches 

 the anterior double band, the posterior is black 

 especially on the nervures and is rounded, and 

 the submarginal line is slightly dentated. The 

 fringes are darkly spotted on the nervures in 

 their basal half. Hind wings beyond the 

 central spot, like the fore wings. It is found in 

 pine woods in Central and Northern Europe, 

 in May and June, and is not uncommon. The 

 larva feeds on green pine cones. 



E. togata, Hubn. The Cloaked Pug 

 closely resembles the last species, but with 

 the following differences: — It is larger, the fore 

 wings appearing especially large, and the 

 ground-colour is yellowish, varied with brighter 

 red. The central area has three distinct 

 parallel transverse lines, and the posterior 

 transverse band forms a pronounced angle in 

 cell 4 and a less pronounced one in cell 7; 

 it also forms two slighter obtuse dentations on 

 the hind wings. The submarginal line is more 

 distinctly and sharply zigzag. It is found in 

 fir woods in Central and Northern Europe in 

 May and June. The larva feeds on fir cones. 



E. debiliata, Hubn. The Bilberry Pug 

 is pale greenish grey, with the two transverse 

 bands of the fore wings slightly lighter, and 

 very ill-defined, the anterior with a rectangular 

 projection towards the costa, the posterior 

 indicated towards the base only by black dots 

 on the nervures, and projecting very slightly 

 in the middle and towards the costa. The 

 submarginal line is regularly zigzag and 



uniformly bordered with darker on both sides 

 from below the apex to the hinder angle. The 

 fringes are finely whitish at the outer part of 

 the base, but spotted with darker on the 

 nervures. The hind wings have the same 

 markings as the fore wings, but the posterior 

 transverse band projects in an obtuse angle. 

 There is a slight central lunule on aU the 

 wings. It is found in Central Europe in June, 

 but is not common. The larva feeds on bilberry. 



E. coronata, Hiibn. The V Pug. Fore 

 wings green, without a central spot, and with 

 an indistinct submarginal line, uniformly edged 

 with darker on both sides. Hind wings greyish, 

 especially in the male. It is found in Central 

 and Southern Europe in June, but is scarce 

 and local. The larva is yellowish green, with 

 a red triangular spot on the back of each 

 segment and a white lateral line. It feeds on 

 the flowers of Clematis vitalba, Eupatorium canna- 

 hium, Artemisia and Achillea. The pupa is 

 brownish grey with darker wing-cases, and is 

 placed between leaves which have been spun 

 together. 



E. rectangulata, Linn. The Green Pug 

 is dark greenish-grey. Fore wings more 

 expanded than in debiliata, with well-defined 

 lighter transverse bands, the 'anterior of which 

 is the darker, and is slightly curved; and the 

 posterior with a sharp angular projection in 

 cell 3 and on nervure 6. The regularly zigzag 

 submarginal line is spotted with darker on 

 the inner side at the costa and on both sides 

 in cells 4 and 5. The fringes are spotted with 

 darker. Hind wings marked like the fore 

 wings, but less distinctly, with a pointed 

 projection from the posterior transverse band 

 on nervure 6. It is common in orchards 

 throughout Europe from May to July. The 

 larva is laterally compressed, somewhat con- 

 stricted at the incisions, apple-green with a 

 reddish purple dorsal line, expanded in the 

 middle of each segment, and a small brown 

 head. It feeds on the blossoms of fruit trees, 

 especially apple. 



E. scabiosata, Borkh. The Shaded Pug. 

 Fore wings short and broad, deep brownish, 

 with the nervures prominently rusty yellow. 

 The three transverse bands are very indistinct, 

 especially the two front ones; the hinder one 

 closely approaches the hind margin at the 



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