^44 



BRITISH AND EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES AKD MOTHS. 



rounded hind margins. Hind wings not small. 

 The insect varies from unicolorous pale brown- 

 ish grey or reddish gre}', with five double 

 bands, the posterior being most distinct and 

 suddenly interrupted on nervure 6. The sub- 

 marginal line is fine and white, interrupted 

 on the nervures, and distinctly thickened in 

 cell lb. The fringes have waved bands through 

 the middle, and are darker in the basal half, 

 especially on the nervures. Hind wings slightly 

 paler and somewhat more sharply marked 

 than the fore wings, with a distinct posterior 

 double band and a submarginal line which 

 also ends in a white spot at the anal angle. 

 It is found in Central and Northern Europe 

 from April to August. The larva resembles 

 that of centaureata and is yellowish white or 

 flesh-coloured, with brick-red triangular spots 

 on the back of segments 5 to g and a red 

 line on the side with similar oblique streaks 

 below it. It feeds on the flowers of Scabious, 

 Thistle, Gentian, Cetttaurea, Chrysanthemum, Heli- 

 anthemvm, Gahopsis, etc. The pupa is light 

 yellow and is formed in a fine cocoon. 



E. helveticaria, Boisd. The Edinburgh 

 Pug. Fore wings smoky grey, inclining to 

 brown, with numerous darker waved transverse 

 lines, a black central spot and an indistinct 

 submarginal line. Hind wings brownish gre}", 

 with a small central spot, darker hind margins, 

 and greyish ochreous fringes, spotted with dark 

 grey. The abdomen has slight crests on each 

 segment. It is found in Central Europe in 

 April and May. The British locality is near 

 Edinburgh. The larva feeds on juniper. 



E. castigata, Hobn. The Grey Pug. Fore 

 wings somewhat broad with the convex hind 

 margin distinctly shorter than the inner mar- 

 gin. Hind wings obtusely angular on nervure 3. 

 It is smokj' grey, with all three transverse 

 lines distinct and triple; the space between the 

 two anterior lines and also as far as the base 

 generally somewhat darker. The pale sub- 

 marginal line is sinuated, most distinct on the 

 under side, and sometimes slightly thickened 

 in cell lb. The fringes are spotted with 

 darker in their basal half. Hind wings with 

 rather more sharply defined markings than 

 the fore wings. Thorax with a dark brown 

 spot in front, succeeded by a tawny one. It 

 is widely distributed throughout Europe and 



is not uncommon. The larva is light or dark 

 greyish brown or reddish brown, with dark 

 dorsal spots, a dark lateral line and oblique 

 streaks on the belly. It feeds on the flowers 

 of willow-herb, yarrow, and other plants. The 

 pupa is yellowish brown with green wing-cases 

 and hibernates in a dense narrow cocoon. 



E. trisignaria, Herr.-Schaff. The Triple- 

 spot Pug. Fore wings grey, tinged with 

 ochreous, with a large black central spot arid 

 numerous darker curved transverse lines, three 

 of which rise from three dark spots on the 

 middle of the costa. Hind wings similar to 

 the fore wings, but paler. It is found in 

 Central Europe in June and July. The larva 

 is pale green with darker dorsal lines, and a 

 waved whitish or yellow lateral line. It feeds 

 on the flowers of Angelica sylvestris and other 

 plants. 



E. virgaureata, Doubl. The Golden-rod 

 Pug. Fore wings brownish grey, tinged with 

 fulvous in the middle, with several short black 

 transverse lines on the costa, a dark central 

 spot, a black interrupted line on the hind 

 margin and another pale interrupted line 

 parallel to it. Hind wings paler on the costa 

 with numerous short transverse lines on the 

 inner margin. It is found in some parts of 

 Central Europe, including England, in May 

 and June. The larva is fulvous with a series 

 of black dorsal spots and a row of oblique 

 whitish or yellowish streaks on the sides. It 

 feeds on the flowers of golden-rod and ragwort. 



E. vulgata. Haw. The Common Pug. 

 Fore wings long and pointed, pale reddish 

 brown, with numerous darker transverse lines, 

 an indistinct black central spot, sometimes 

 white, and a whitish submarginal line, forming 

 a white spot at the hinder angle. Hind wings 

 brown with hardly any markings. It is common 

 in Central Europe in May and June. The 

 larva resembles that of castigata, but is rather 

 more of an olive-colour, more attenuated 

 towards the head, and more hairy. It feeds 

 on golden-rod, whitethorn, willow, etc. 



E. campanulata, Herr.-Schaff. The Cam- 

 panula Pug. Fore wings pale dingy brown, 

 with rather indistinct double stripes, a small 

 black central spot and a whitish submarginal 

 line. Hind wings paler with a small central 

 spot. It is found in Central Europe in June 



