CONTENTS xi 



counter geometry— 13.11. Secondary beta- and gamma-ray standards — 13.12. 

 Standardization of neutrons and protons. 



14. The Radioautograph 381 



14.1. Introduction — 14.2. Techniques for preparing radioautographs — 14.3. Radio- 

 autographic emulsions. 



15. Theory of Tracer Methods 388 



15.1. Introduction — 15.2. Isotopic dilution — 15.3. Tracer problems involving first- 

 order reactions — 15.4. A more general theory of tracer methods. 



16. Internal Dosimetry 403 



16.1. Physical principles of dosimetry — 16.2. Units of dose — 16.3. Calculation of 

 beta-particle dose — 16.4. Absorption of gamma rays in tissue — 16.5. Gamma-ray 

 dose calculations — 16.6. Calculation of radioactivity density in tissue — 16.7. Geo- 

 metrical factor. 



17. The Preparation of Thin Films of Radioactive Elements by Electrolysis .... 438 



17.1. General considerations — 17.2. Apparatus — 17.3. Anodes — 17.4. Cathodes — ■ 

 17.5. Electrodeposition — 17.7. The electrolysis eurrent and voltage. 



18. The Treatment of Biological Tissues for Recovery of Radioactive Elements. . . 445 

 18.1. Introduction — 18.2. Dry ashing — 18.3. Wet ashing. 



19. The Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials 450 



19.1. Introduction — 19.2. Medical considerations — 19.3. Laboratory design — 19.4. 

 Special laboratory equipment — 19.5 Safety procedures — 19.6. Radiation shields — ■ 

 19.7. Radiation monitoring — 19.8. Shipping regulations. 



20. The Electrostatic Generator 472 



20.1. Description — 20.2. Construction and operation. 



21. The Cyclotron 476 



21.1. Description — 21.2. Ion paths — 21.3. Ion source — 21.4. Cyclotron targets — 

 21.5. Synchro-cyclotron. 



22. The Betatron 489 



22.1. Description — 22.2. Electron injection and beam extraction — 22.3. Orbital 

 oscillations — 24.4. Focusing. 



23. The Synchrotron 493 



23.1. Description — 23.2. Motion of particles — 23.3. Energy loss by radiation — ■ 

 23.4. Synchrotron operation. 



Part III. Biological and Medical Applications of Isotopes 



24. General Critique of the Biological Application of Isotopes 503 



24.1. Introduction — 24.2. Survey of useful isotopes — 24.3. Isotopes as tracers — 

 24.4. Differential behavior and effects of isotopes. 



