648 



ISOTOPIC TRACERS AND NUCLEAR RADIATIONS 



Integral dose, 405, 412, 418, 424 

 Interferometer, 269 



Internal conversion, 42-45, 69, 164, 185, 

 362, 420, 424 



coefficient of, 43-45, 164 

 determination of, 44-45 ■ 



measurement with beta spectrographs, 44 



measurement by coincidence, 44 

 Internal-conversion electrons, 42-45, 185, 



420 

 In vitro measurement of isotopes, 511 

 In vivo measurement of isotopes, 512 

 Iodine, in biological tracer studies, 525-527, 

 544, 548 



isotopes of, 526 



in radiotherapy, 539, 551 

 Ion beam in mass spectrographs, 280-293 

 Ion detectors for mass spectrographs, 293- 



297 

 Ion paths in cyclotrons, 478-482 

 Ion-path radius, in cyclotrons, 476 



in mass spectrographs, 280-287 

 Ion source, in cyclotrons, 282 



for mass spectrographs, 288-293 

 Ionization, by beta particles, 51-53 



in counters, 304-308 



by fission fragments, 153-154 



by heavy charged particles, 406 



in ionization chambers, 344 



in tissue, 403-410 

 Ionization chamber, 310, 344-357, 406-408 



air wall type, 369, 404 



for alpha particles, 360-361, 367 



applications of, 347-351 



cavity principle of, 349-351, 370-372, 

 407-408 



construction, 345-346 



gas-wall type, 370 



parallel-plate type, 345-346 



solid-wall type, 370-372 



thimble type, 370 



wall effect in, 371 

 Ionization chamber plateau, 344, 371 

 Ionization potential, 308, 311 



of filling gases, 312-313 

 Iron, in biological tracer studies, 524-525, 

 543, 547 



isotopes of, 16, 196, 524 

 Isobar, 3-7 

 Isomer, 183 



Isomeric transition, 42-43, 156, 164, 424 

 Isotone, 3 



Isotopes, applications of, in biology, 505 

 class assignment of, 183, 187, 259 

 definitions of, 1 

 dilution, 390-392 



of potential biological use, 505, 508 

 radioactive, decay of, 163-169 

 procurement of, 390 

 properties of, 163-169 

 table of, 180-182, 187-259 

 stable, 3-7 



procurement of, 390 

 properties of, 1-7 

 rules for, 3-5 

 table of, 15-27 

 usable as isotopic tracers, 505-509, 547- 



549 

 used in tracer studies, 505-510 

 Isotope effect in biological systems, 388, 

 504, 512-513 



J, unit of dose, 404, 413, 418 

 K 



K capture, 3-7, 67-69, 164, 171 



Kinetic energy, of beta particles, 163-164 



of fission fragments, 153-154 

 Klein-Nishina scattering formula, 38 

 Kurie plot, 65 



Lanthanide series in biological tracer 

 studies, 534-535 



Lead, in biological tracer studies, 533, 549 

 isotopes of, 21, 246-247 



(See also Gamma rays; Protons; 

 Alpha particles) 



Least squares method in coincidence cor- 

 rections, 324 



Level schemes (see Decay schemes) 



Life of counters, 311-312 



Liquid drop analogy, 148-150 



Lithium, in biological tracer studies, 530, 

 547 

 isotopes of, 15, 187 

 (See also Protons) 



Low-voltage counters, 313 



