282 J. E. WEAVER 



mer fallow, and many others. Of course the repeated use of 

 the quadrat method soon reveals its bearing upon problems of 

 grazing, crop estimation, disease survey, and forestry. It 

 furnishes the student with a concrete basis for interpreting work 

 already accomplished along these various economic lines. 



In conclusion it may be said that it is the experience of the 

 writer that the use of the quadrat by students teaches accuracy, 

 inculcates habits of close observation and logical reasoning in 

 the field. Too often students in the field are inclined to form 

 superficial generalizations if indeed they are not too puzzled by 

 the complexity of the problems in the general panorama, rather 

 than to lay hold upon this problem or that phenomenon and 

 having reduced it to order gain some definite insight into the 

 behavior of plants in nature. 



LITERATURE CITED 



1 Bergman, H. F. and Stallard, H. The development of climax formations 



in northern Minnesota. Minn. Bot. Studies, vol. 4, part 4, pp. 333- 

 378. 1916. 



2 Clements, F. E. The development and structure of vegetation. Bot. 



Surv. Nebr., no. 7, pp. 1-175. 1904. 



3 Clements, F. E. Research methods in ecology, pp. 161-183. 1905. 



4 Clements, F. E. The life history of lodgepole burn forests. For. Serv. 



Bull. 79. 1910. 



5 Clements, F. E. Plant Physiology and Ecology, pp. 202-214. 1907. 



6 Clements, F. E. Plant Succession, pp. 423-437. 1916. 



7 Cooper, W. S. The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its 



development. Bot. Gaz., 55: 1-44, 115-140, Jan., Feb.-, 1913. 



8 Gleason, H. a. The vegetation of the inland sand deposits of Illinois. 



Bull. 111. St. Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, art. 3, pp. 23-174, Oct., 1910. 



9 Hoffman, J. V. Natural reproduction from seed stored in the forest floor. 



Journ Agr. Res., 11: 1-26, Oct. 1, 1917. 



10 Kearney, T. H. L. J. Briggs, H. L. Shantz, J. W. McLane, and R. L. 



Piemeisel: Indicator significance of vegetation in Tooele Valley, 

 Utah. Journ. Agr. Res., 1: 365-417, Feb., 1914. 



11 KiESSELBACH, T. A. Studies concerning the elimination of experimental 



error in comparative crop tests. Agr. Exp. St. Nebr., research bulle- 

 tin, no. 13, pp. 1-95, June, 1918. 



12 Oliver, F. W., and Tansley, A. G. Methods of surveying vegetation on 



a large scale. New Phyt., 3: 228-237, Dec, 1904. 



13 Priestley, J. H. The quadrat as a method for the field excursion. Jour. 



Ecol. 1:89, 1913. 



